CHAPTER IV

BUDDHA, THE UNIVERSAL SPIRIT

1.The Ancient Buddhist Pantheon.

The ancient Buddhist pantheon was full of deities or Buddhas, 3,000[FN#137] in number, or rather countless, and also of Bodhisattvas no less than Buddhas.Nowadays, however, in every church of Mahayanism one Buddha or another together with some Bodhisattvas reigns supreme as the sole object of worship, while other supernatural beings sink in oblivion.These Enlightened Beings, regardless of their positions in the pantheon, were generally regarded as persons who in their past lives cultivated virtues, underwent austerities, and various sorts of penance, and at length attained to a complete Enlightenment, by virtue of which they secured not only peace and eternal bliss, but acquired divers supernatural powers, such as clairvoyance, clairaudience, all-knowledge, and what not.Therefore, it is natural that some Mahayanists[FN#138] came to believe that, if they should go through the same course of discipline and study, they could attain to the same Enlightenment and Bliss, or the same Buddhahood, while other Mahayanists[FN#139] came to believe in the doctrine that the believer is saved and led up to the eternal state of bliss, without undergoing these hard disciplines, by the power of a Buddha known as having boundless mercy and fathomless wisdom whom he invokes.

[FN#137] Trikalpa-trisahasra-buddhanrama-sutra gives the names of 3,000 Buddhas, and Buddhabhisita-buddhanama-sutra enumerates Buddhas and Bodhisattvas 11,093 in number.See Nanjo's Catalogue, Nos.404, 405, 406, 407.

[FN#138] Those who believe in the doctrine of Holy Path.See 'A
History of the Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects,' pp. 109-111.

[FN#139] Those who believe in the doctrine of the Pure Land.

2.Zen is Iconoclastic.

For the followers of Bodhidharma, however, this conception of Buddha seemed too crude to be accepted unhesitatingly and the doctrine too much irrelevant with and uncongenial to actual life.Since Zen denounced, as we have seen in the previous chapter, the scriptural authority, it is quite reasonable to have given up this view of Buddha inculcated in the Mahayana sutras, and to set at naught those statues and images of supernatural beings kept in veneration by the orthodox Buddhists.Tan Hia (Tan-ka), a noted Chinese Zen master, was found warming himself on a cold morning by the fire made of a wooden statue of Buddha.On another occasion he was found mounting astride the statue of a saint.Chao Chen (Jo-shu) one day happened to find Wang Yuen (Bun-yen) worshipping the Buddha in the temple, and forthwith struck him with his staff."Is there not anything good in the worshipping of the Buddha?"protested Wang Yuen.Then the master said: "Nothing is better than anything good."[FN#140] These examples fully illustrate Zen's attitude towards the objects of Buddhist worship.Zen is not, nevertheless, iconoclastic in the commonly accepted sense of the term, nor is it idolatrous, as Christian missionaries are apt to suppose.

[FN#140] Zen-rin-rui-shu.

Zen is more iconoclastic than any of the Christian or the Mohammedan denominations in the sense that it opposes the acceptance of the petrified idea of Deity, so conventional and formal that it carries no inner conviction of the believers.Faith dies out whenever one comes to stick to one's fixed and immutable idea of Deity, and to deceive oneself, taking bigotry for genuine faith.Faith must be living and growing, and the living and growing faith should assume no fixed form.It might seem for a superficial observer to take a fixed form, as a running river appears constant, though it goes through ceaseless changes.The dead faith, immutable and conventional, makes its embracer appear religious and respectable, while it arrests his spiritual growth.It might give its owner comfort and pride, yet it at bottom proves to be fetters to his moral uplifting.It is on this account that Zen declares: "Buddha is nothing but spiritual chain or moral fetters," and, "If you remember even a name of Buddha, it would deprive you of purity of heart."The conventional or orthodox idea of Buddha or Deity might seem smooth and fair, like a gold chain, being polished and hammered through generations by religious goldsmiths; but it has too much fixity and frigidity to be worn by us.

"Strike off thy fetters, bonds that bind thee down
Of shining gold or darker, baser ore;

Know slave is slave caressed or whipped, not free;
For fetters tho' of gold, are not less strong to bind."

—The Song of the Sannyasin.

3.Buddha is Unnamable.

Give a definite name to Deity, He would be no more than what the name implies.The Deity under the name of Brahman necessarily differs from the Being under the appellation of Jehovah, just as the Hindu differs from the Jew.In like manner the Being designated by God necessarily differs from One named Amitabha or from Him entitled Allah.To give a name to the Deity is to give Him tradition, nationality, limitation, and fixity, and it never brings us nearer to Him.Zen's object of worship cannot be named and determined as God, or Brahman, or Amitabha, or Creator, or Nature, or Reality, or Substance, or the like.Neither Chinese nor Japanese masters of Zen tried to give a definite name to their object of adoration.They now called Him That One, now This One, now Mind, now Buddha, now Tathagata, now Certain Thing, now the True, now Dharma-nature, now Buddha-nature, and so forth.Tung Shan[FN#141] (To-zan) on a certain occasion declared it to be "A Certain Thing that pillars heaven above and supports the earth below; dark as lacquer and undefinable; manifesting itself through its activities, yet not wholly comprisable within them."So-kei[FN#142] expressed it in the same wise: "There exists a Certain Thing, bright as a mirror, spiritual as a mind, not subjected to growth nor to decay."Huen Sha (Gen-sha) comparing it with a gem says: "There exists a bright gem illuminating through the worlds in ten directions by its light."[FN#143]

[FN#141] Tung Shan Luh (To-zan-roku, 'Sayings and Doings of Ta-zan') is one of the best Zen books.

[FN#142] So-kei, a Korean Zenist, whose work entitled Zen-ke-ki-kwan is worthy of our note as a representation of Korean Zen.

[FN#143] Sho-bo-gen-zo.

This certain thing or being is too sublime to be named after a traditional or a national deity, too spiritual to be symbolized by human art, too full of life to be formulated in terms of mechanical science, too free to be rationalized by intellectual philosophy, too universal to be perceived by bodily senses; but everybody can feel its irresistible power, see its invisible presence, and touch its heart and soul within himself."This mysterious Mind," says Kwei Fung (Kei-ho), "is higher than the highest, deeper than the deepest, limitless in all directions.There is no centre in it.No distinction of east and west, and above and below.Is it empty?Yes, but not empty like space.Has it a form?Yes, but has no form dependent on another for its existence.Is it intelligent?Yes, but not intelligent like your mind.Is it non-intelligent?Yes, but not non-intelligent like trees and stone.Is it conscious?Yes, but not conscious like you when waking.Is it bright?Yes, but not bright like the sun or the moon."To the question, "What and who is Buddha?"Yuen Wu (En-go) replied: "Hold your tongue: the mouth is the gate of evils!"while Pao Fuh (Ho-fuku) answered to the same question: "No skill of art can picture Him."Thus Buddha is unnamable, indescribable, and indefinable, but we provisionally call Him Buddha.

4.Buddha, the Universal Life.

Zen conceives Buddha as a Being, who moves, stirs, inspires, enlivens, and vitalizes everything.Accordingly, we may call Him the Universal Life in the sense that He is the source of all lives in the universe.This Universal Life, according to Zen, pillars the heaven, supports the earth, glorifies the sun and moon, gives voice to thunder, tinges clouds, adorns the pasture with flowers, enriches the field with harvest, gives animals beauty and strength.Therefore, Zen declares even a dead clod of earth to be imbued with the divine life, just as Lowell expresses a similar idea when he says:

"Every clod feels a stir of might,
An instinct within it that reaches and towers,
And groping blindly above it for light,
Climbs to a soul in grass and flowers."

One of our contemporary Zenists wittily observed that 'vegetables are the children of earth, that animals which feed on vegetables are the grand-children of earth, and that men who subsist on animals are the great-grand-children of earth.'If there be no life in earth, how could life come out of it?If there be no life, the same as the animal's life in the vegetables, how could animals sustain their lives feeding on vegetables?If there be no life similar to ours in animals, how could we sustain our life by subsisting on them?The poet must be in the right, not only in his esthetic, but in his scientific point of view, in saying-

"I must
Confess that I am only dust.
But once a rose within me grew;
Its rootlets shot, its flowerets flew;
And all rose's sweetness rolled
Throughout the texture of my mould;
And so it is that I impart
Perfume to them, whoever thou art."

As we men live and act, so do our arteries; so does blood; so do corpuscles.As cells and protoplasm live and act, so do elements, molecules, and atoms. As elements and atoms live and act, so do clouds; so does the earth; so does the ocean, the Milky Way, and the Solar System.What is this life which pervades the grandest as well as the minutest works of Nature, and which may fitly be said 'greater than the greatest and smaller than the smallest?'It cannot be defined.It cannot be subjected to exact analysis.But it is directly experienced and recognized within us, just as the beauty of the rose is to be perceived and enjoyed, but not reduced to exact analysis.At any rate, it is something stirring, moving, acting and reacting continually.This something which can be experienced and felt and enjoyed directly by every one of us.This life of living principle in the microcosmos is identical with that of the macrocosmos, and the Universal Life of the macrocosmos is the common source of all lives.Therefore, the Mahaparinirvana-sutra says:

"Tathagata (another name for Buddha) gives life to all beings, just as the lake Anavatapta gives rise to the four great rivers.""Tathagata," says the same sutra, "divides his own body into innumerable bodies, and also restores an infinite number of bodies to one body.Now be becomes cities, villages, houses, mountains, rivers, and trees; now he has a large body; now he has a small body; now he becomes men, women, boys, and girls."

5.Life and Change.

A peculiar phase of life is change which appears in the form of growth and decay.Nobody can deny the transitoriness of life.One of our friends humorously observed: "Everything in the world may be doubtful to you, but it can never be doubted that you will die."Life is like a burning lamp.Every minute its flame dies out and is renewed.Life is like a running stream.Every moment it pushes onward.If there be anything constant in this world of change, it should be change itself.Is it not just one step from rosy childhood to snowy age?Is it not just one moment from the nuptial song to the funeral-dirge?Who can live the same moment twice?In comparison with an organism, inorganic matter appears to be constant and changeless; but, in fact, it is equally subjected to ceaseless alteration.Every morning, looking into the mirror, you will find your visage reflected in it just as it was on the preceding day; so also every morning, looking at the sun and the earth, you will find them reflected in your retina just as they were on the previous morning; but the sun and the earth are no less changeless than you.Why do the sun and the earth seem changeless and constant to you?Only because you yourself undergo change more quickly than they.When you look at the clouds sweeping across the face of the moon, they seem to be at rest, and the moon in rapid motion; but, in fact, the clouds, as well as the moon, incessantly move on.

Science might maintain the quantitative constancy of matter, but the so-called matter is mere abstraction.To say matter is changeless is as much as to say 2 is always 2, changeless and constant, because the arithmetical number is not more abstract than the physiological matter.The moon appears standing still when you look at her only a few moments.In like manner she seems to be free from change when you look at her in your short span of life.Astronomers, nevertheless, can tell you how she saw her better days, and is now in her wrinkles and white hair.

6.Pessimistic View of the Ancient Hindus.

In addition to this, the new theory of matter has entirely over thrown the old conception of the unchanging atoms, and they are now regarded to be composed of magnetic forces, ions, and corpuscles in incessant motion.Therefore we have no inert matter in the concrete, no unchanging thing in the sphere of experience, no constant organism in the transient universe.These considerations often led many thinkers, ancient and modern, to the pessimistic view of life.What is the use of your exertion, they would say, in accumulating wealth, which is doomed to melt away in the twinkling of an eye?What is the use of your striving after power, which is more short-lived than a bubble?What is the use of your endeavour in the reformation of society, which does not endure any longer than the castle in the air?How do kings differ from beggars in the eye of Transience?How do the rich differ from the poor, how the beautiful from the ugly, bow the young from the old, how the good from the evil, how the lucky from the unlucky, how the wise from the unwise, in the court of Death?Vain is ambition.Vain is fame.Vain is pleasure.Vain are struggles and efforts.All is in vain.An ancient Hindu thinker[FN#144] says:

"O saint, what is the use of the enjoyment of pleasures in this offensive, pithless body—a mere mass of bones, skins, sinews, marrow, and flesh?What is the use of the enjoyment of pleasures in this body, which is assailed by lust, hatred, greed, delusion, fear, anguish, jealousy, separation from what is loved, union with what is not loved, hunger, old age, death, illness, grief, and other evils?In such a world as this, what is the use of the enjoyment of pleasures, if he who has fed on them is to return to this world again and again?In this world I am like a frog in a dry well."

[FN#144] Maitrayana Upanisad.

It is this consideration on the transitoriness of life that led some
Taoist in China to prefer death to life, as expressed in Chwang Tsz
(Su-shi):[FN#145]

"When Kwang-zze went to Khu, he saw an empty skull, bleached indeed, but still retaining its shape.Tapping it with his horse-switch, he asked it saying: 'Did you, sir, in your greed of life, fail in the lessons of reason and come to this?Or did you do so, in the service of a perishing state, by the punishment of an axe?Or was it through your evil conduct, reflecting disgrace on your parents and on your wife and children?Or was it through your hard endurances of cold and hunger?Or was it that you had completed your term of life?'

"Having given expression to these questions, he took up the skull and made a pillow of it, and went to sleep.At midnight the skull appeared to him in a dream, and said: 'What you said to me was after the fashion of an orator.All your words were about the entanglements of men in their lifetime.There are none of those things after death.Would you like to hear me, sir, tell you about death?''I should,' said Kwang-zze, and the skull resumed: 'In death there are not (the distinctions of) ruler above minister below.There are none of the phenomena of the four seasons.Tranquil and at ease, our years are those of heaven and earth.No king in his court has greater enjoyment than we have.'Kwang-zze did not believe it, and said: 'If I could get the Ruler of our Destiny to restore your body to life with its bones and flesh and skin, and to give you back your father and mother, your wife and children, and all your village acquaintances, would you wish me to do so?'The skull stared fixedly at him, and knitted its brows and said: 'How should I cast away the enjoyment of my royal court, and undertake again the toils of life among mankind?'"

[FN#145] 'Chwang Tsz,' vol.vi., p.23.

7.Hinayanism and its Doctrine.

The doctrine of Transience was the first entrance gate of Hinayanism.Transience never fails to deprive us of what is dear and near to us.It disappoints us in our expectation and hope.It brings out grief, fear, anguish, and lamentation.It spreads terror and destruction among families, communities, nations, mankind.It threatens with perdition the whole earth, the whole universe.Therefore it follows that life is full of disappointment, sufferings, and miseries, and that man is like 'a frog in a dry well.'This is the doctrine called by the Hinayanists the Holy Truth of Suffering.

Again, when Transcience once gets hold of our imagination, we can easily foresee ruins and disasters in the very midst of prosperity and happiness, and also old age and ugliness in the prime and youth of beauty.It gives rise quite naturally to the thought that body is a bag full of pus and blood, a mere heap of rotten flesh and broken pieces of bone, a decaying corpse inhabited by innumerable maggots.This is the doctrine called by the Hinayanists the Holy Truth of Impurity.[FN#146]

[FN#146] Mahasaptipatthana Suttanta, 7, runs as follows: "And, moreover, bhikkhu, a brother, just as if he had been a body abandoned in the charnel-field, dead for one, two, or three days, swollen, turning black and blue, and decomposed, apply that perception to this very body (of his own), reflecting: 'This body, too, is even so constituted, is of such a nature, has not got beyond that (fate).'"

And, again, Transience holds its tyrannical sway not only over the material but over the spiritual world.At its touch Atman, or soul, is brought to nothing.By its call Devas, or celestial beings, are made to succumb to death.It follows, therefore, that to believe in Atman, eternal and unchanging, would be a whim of the ignorant.This is the doctrine called by the Hinayanists the Holy Truth of No-atman.

If, as said, there could be nothing free from Transience, Constancy should be a gross mistake of the ignorant; if even gods have to die, Eternity should be no more than a stupid dream of the vulgar; if all phenomena be flowing and changing, there could be no constant noumena underlying them.It therefore follows that all things in the universe are empty and unreal.This is the doctrine called by the Hinayanists the Holy Truth of Unreality.Thus Hinayana Buddhism, starting from the doctrine of Transience, arrived at the pessimistic view of life in its extreme form.

8.Change as seen by Zen.

Zen, like Hinayanism, does not deny the doctrine of Transience, but it has come to a view diametrically opposite to that of the Hindus.Transience for Zen simply means change.It is a form in which life manifests itself.Where there is life there is change or Transience.Where there is more change there is more vital activity.Suppose an absolutely changeless body: it must be absolutely lifeless.An eternally changeless life is equivalent to an eternally changeless death.Why do we value the morning glory, which fades in a few hours, more than an artificial glass flower, which endures hundreds of years?Why do we prefer an animal life, which passes away in a few scores of years, to a vegetable life, which can exist thousands of years?Why do we prize changing organism more than inorganic matter, unchanging and constant?If there be no change in the bright hues of a flower, it is as worthless as a stone.If there be no change in the song of a bird, it is as valueless as a whistling wind.If there be no change in trees and grass, they are utterly unsuitable to be planted in a garden.Now, then, what is the use of our life, if it stand still?As the water of a running stream is always fresh and wholesome because it does not stop for a moment, so life is ever fresh and new because it does not stand still, but rapidly moves on from parents to children, from children to grandchildren, from grandchildren to great-grandchildren, and flows on through generation after generation, renewing itself ceaselessly.

We can never deny the existence of old age and death—nay, death is of capital importance for a continuation of life, because death carries away all the decaying organism in the way of life.But for it life would be choked up with organic rubbish.The only way of life's pushing itself onward or its renewing itself is its producing of the young and getting rid of the old.If there be no old age nor death, life is not life, but death.

9.Life and Change.

Transformation and change are the essential features of life; life is not transformation nor change itself, as Bergson seems to assume.It is something which comes under our observation through transformation and change.There are, among Buddhists as well as Christians, not a few who covet constancy and fixity of life, being allured by such smooth names as eternal life, everlasting joy, permanent peace, and what not.They have forgotten that their souls can never rest content with things monotonous.If there be everlasting joy for their souls, it must be presented to them through incessant change.So also if there be eternal life granted for their souls, it must be given through ceaseless alteration.What is the difference between eternal life, fixed and constant, and eternal death?What is the difference between everlasting bliss, changeless and monotonous, and everlasting suffering?If constancy, instead of change, govern life, then hope or pleasure is absolutely impossible.Fortunately, however, life is not constant.It changes and becomes.Pleasure arises through change itself.Mere change of food or clothes is often pleasing to us, while the appearance of the same thing twice or thrice, however pleasing it may be, causes us little pleasure.It will become disgusting and tire us down, if it be presented repeatedly from time to time.

An important element in the pleasure we derive from social meetings, from travels, from sight-seeings, etc., is nothing but change.Even intellectual pleasure consists mainly of change.A dead, unchanging abstract truth, 2 and 2 make 4, excites no interest; while a changeable, concrete truth, such as the Darwinian theory of evolution, excites a keen interest.

10.Life, Change, and Hope.

The doctrine of Transcience never drives us to the pessimistic view of life.On the contrary, it gives us an inexhaustible source of pleasure and hope.Let us ask you: Are you satisfied with the present state of things?Do you not sympathize with poverty-stricken millions living side by side with millionaires saturated with wealth?Do you not shed tears over those hunger-bitten children who cower in the dark lanes of a great city?Do you not wish to put down the stupendous oppressor—Might-is-right?Do you not want to do away with the so-called armoured peace among nations?Do you not need to mitigate the struggle for existence more sanguine than the war of weapons?

Life changes and is changeable; consequently, has its future.Hope is therefore possible.Individual development, social betterment, international peace, reformation of mankind in general, can be hoped.Our ideal, however unpractical it may seem at the first sight, can be realized.Moreover, the world itself, too, is changing and changeable.It reveals new phases from time to time, and can be moulded to subserve our purpose.We must not take life or the world as completed and doomed as it is now.No fact verifies the belief that the world was ever created by some other power and predestined to be as it is now.It lives, acts, and changes.It is transforming itself continually, just as we are changing and becoming.Thus the doctrine of Transience supplies us with an inexhaustible source of hope and comfort, leads us into the living universe, and introduces us to the presence of Universal Life or Buddha.

The reader may easily understand how Zen conceives Buddha as the living principle from the following dialogues: "Is it true, sir," asked a monk of Teu tsz (To-shi), "that all the voices of Nature are those of Buddha?""Yes, certainly," replied Teu tsz."What is, reverend sir," asked a man of Chao Cheu (Jo-shu), "the holy temple (of Buddha)?""An innocent girl," replied the teacher."Who is the master of the temple?"asked the other again."A baby in her womb," was the answer."What is, sir," asked a monk to Yen Kwan (Yen-kan), "the original body of Buddha Vairocana?"[FN#147] "Fetch me a pitcher with water," said the teacher.The monk did as he was ordered."Put it back in its place," said Yen Kwan again.[FN#148]

[FN#147] Literally, All Illuminating Buddha, the highest of the
Trikayas. See Eitel, p. 192.

[FN#148] Zen-rin-rui-shu.

11.Everything is Living according to Zen.

Everything alive has a strong innate tendency to preserve itself, to assert itself, to push itself forward, and to act on its environment, consciously or unconsciously.The innate, strong tendency of the living is an undeveloped, but fundamental, nature of Spirit or Mind.It shows itself first in inert matter as impenetrability, or affinity, or mechanical force.Rock has a powerful tendency to preserve itself.And it is hard to crush it.Diamond has a robust tendency to assert itself.And it permits nothing to destroy it.Salt has the same strong tendency, for its particles act and react by themselves, and never cease till its crystals are formed.Steam, too, should have the same, because it pushes aside everything in its way and goes where it will.

In the eye of simple folks of old, mountains, rivers, trees, serpents, oxen, and eagles were equally full of life; hence the deification of them.No doubt it is irrational to believe in nymphs, fairies, elves, and the like, yet still we may say that mountains stand of their own accord, rivers run as they will, just as we say that trees and grass turn their leaves towards the sun of their own accord.Neither is it a mere figure of speech to say that thunder speaks and hills respond, nor to describe birds as singing and flowers as smiling, nor to narrate winds as moaning and rain as weeping, nor to state lovers as looking at the moon, the moon as looking at them, when we observe spiritual element in activities of all this.Haeckel says, not without reason: "I cannot imagine the simple chemical and physical forces without attributing the movement of material particles to conscious sensation."The same author says again: "We may ascribe the feeling of pleasure and pain to all atoms, and so explain the electric affinity in chemistry."

12.The Creative Force of Nature and Humanity.

The innate tendency of self-preservation, which manifests itself as mechanical force or chemical affinity in the inorganic nature, unfolds itself as the desire of the preservation of species in the vegetables and animals.See how vegetables fertilize themselves in a complicated way, and how they spread their seeds far and wide in a most mysterious manner.A far more developed form of the same desire is seen in the sexual attachment and parental love of animals.Who does not know that even the smallest birds defend their young against every enemy with self -sacrificing courage, and that they bring food whilst they themselves often starve and grow lean?In human beings we can observe the various transformations of the self-same desire.For instance, sorrow or despair is experienced when it is impossible; anger, when it is hindered by others; joy, when it is fulfilled; fear, when it is threatened; pleasure, when it is facilitated.Although it manifests itself as the sexual attachment and parental love in lower animals, yet its developed forms, such as sympathy, loyalty, benevolence, mercy, humanity, are observed in human beings.Again, the creative force in inorganic nature, in order to assert itself and act more effectively, creates the germ of organic nature, and gradually ascending the scale of evolution, develops the sense organs and the nervous system; hence intellectual powers, such as sensation, perception, imagination, memory, unfold themselves.Thus the creative force, exerting itself gradually, widens its sphere of action, and necessitates the union of individuals into families, clans, tribes, communities, and nations.For the sake of this union and co-operation they established customs, enacted laws, and instituted political and educational systems. Furthermore, to reinforce itself, it gave birth to languages and sciences; and to enrich itself, morality and religion.

13.Universal Life is Universal Spirit.

These considerations naturally lead us to see that Universal Life is not a blind vital force, but Creative Spirit, or Mind, or Consciousness, which unfolds itself in myriads of ways.Everything in the universe, according to Zen, lives and acts, and at the same time discloses its spirit.To be alive is identically the same as to be spiritual.As the poet has his song, so does the nightingale, so does the cricket, so does the rivulet.As we are pleased or offended, so are horses, so are dogs, so are sparrows, ants, earthworms, and mushrooms. Simpler the body, simpler its spirit; more complicated the body, more complicated its spirit.'Mind slumbers in the pebble, dreams in the plant, gathers energy in the animal, and awakens to self-conscious discovery in the soul of man.'

It is this Creative, Universal Spirit that sends forth Aurora to illuminate the sky, that makes Diana shed her benign rays and Ăolus play on his harp, wreathes spring with flowers, that clothes autumn with gold, that induces plants to put forth blossoms, that incites animals to be energetic, and that awakens consciousness in man.The author of Mahavaipulya-purnabuddha-sutra expressly states our idea when he says: "Mountains, rivers, skies, the earth: all these are embraced in the True Spirit, enlightened and mysterious."Rin-zai also says: "Spirit is formless, but it penetrates through the world in the ten directions."[FN#149] The Sixth Patriarch expresses the same idea more explicitly: "What creates the phenomena is Mind; what transcends all the phenomena is Buddha."[FN#150]

[FN#149] Rin-zai-roku.

[FN#150] Roku-so-dan-kyo.

14.Poetical Intuition and Zen.

Since Universal Life or Spirit permeates the universe, the poetical intuition of man never fails to find it, and to delight in everything typical of that Spirit."The leaves of the plantain," says a Zen poet, "unfold themselves, hearing the voice of thunder.The flowers of the hollyhock turn towards the sun, looking at it all day long."Jesus could see in the lily the Unseen Being who clothed it so lovely.Wordsworth found the most profound thing in all the world to be the universal spiritual life, which manifests itself most directly in nature, clothed in its own proper dignity and peace."Through every star," says Carlyle, "through every grass blade, most through every soul, the glory of present God still beams."

It is not only grandeur and sublimity that indicate Universal Life, but smallness and commonplace do the same.A sage of old awakened to the faith[FN#151] when he heard a bell ring; another, when he looked at the peach blossom; another, when he heard the frogs croaking; and another, when he saw his own form reflected in a river.The minutest particles of dust form a world.The meanest grain of sand under our foot proclaims a divine law.Therefore Teu Tsz Jo-shi), pointing to a stone in front of his temple, said: "All the Buddhas of the past, the present, and the future are living therein."[FN#152]

[FN#151] Both the Chinese and the Japanese history of Zen are full of such incidents.

[FN#152] Zen-rin-rui-shu and To-shi-go-roku.

15.Enlightened Consciousness.

In addition to these considerations, which mainly depend on indirect experience, we can have direct experience of life within us.In the first place, we experience that our life is not a bare mechanical motion or change, but is a spiritual, purposive, and self-directing force.In the second place, we directly experience that it knows, feels, and wills.In the third place, we experience that there exists some power unifying the intellectual, emotional, and volitional activities so as to make life uniform and rational.Lastly, we experience that there lies deeply rooted within us Enlightened Consciousness, which neither psychologists treat of nor philosophers believe in, but which Zen teachers expound with strong conviction.Enlightened Consciousness is, according to Zen, the centre of spiritual life.It is the mind of minds, and the consciousness of consciousness.It is the Universal Spirit awakened in the human mind.It is not the mind that feels joy or sorrow; nor is it the mind that reasons and infers; nor is it the mind that fancies and dreams; nor is it the mind that hopes and fears; nor is it the mind that distinguishes good from evil.It is Enlightened Consciousness that holds communion with Universal Spirit or Buddha, and realizes that individual lives are inseparably united, and of one and the same nature with Universal Life.It is always bright as a burnished mirror, and cannot be dimmed by doubt and ignorance.It is ever pure as a lotus flower, and cannot be polluted by the mud of evil and folly.Although all sentient beings are endowed with this Enlightened Consciousness, they are not aware of its existence, excepting men who can discover it by the practice of Meditation.Enlightened consciousness is often called Buddha-nature, as it is the real nature of Universal Spirit.Zen teachers compare it with a precious stone ever fresh and pure, even if it be buried in the heaps of dust.Its divine light can never be extinguished by doubt or fear, just as the sunlight cannot be destroyed by mist and cloud.Let us quote a Chinese Zen poet to see how Zen treats of it:[FN#153]

"I have an image of Buddha,
The worldly people know it not.
It is not made of clay or cloth,
Nor is it carved out of wood,
Nor is it moulded of earth nor of ashes.
No artist can paint it;
No robber can steal it.
There it exists from dawn of time.
It's clean, although not swept and wiped.
Although it is but one,
Divides itself to a hundred thousand million forms."

[FN#153] See Zen-gaku-ho-ten.

16.Buddha Dwelling in the Individual Mind.

Enlightened Consciousness in the individual mind acquires for its possessor, not a relative knowledge of things as his intellect does, but the profoundest insight in reference to universal brotherhood of all beings, and enables him to understand the absolute holiness of their nature, and the highest goal for which all of them are making.Enlightened Consciousness once awakened within us serves as a guiding principle, and leads us to hope, bliss, and life; consequently, it is called the Master[FN#154] of both mind and body.Sometimes it is called the Original[FN#155] Mind, as it is the mind of minds.It is Buddha dwelling in individuals.You might call it God in man, if you like.The following dialogues all point to this single idea:

On one occasion a butcher, who was used to kill one thousand sheep a day, came to Gotama, and, throwing down his butcher-knife, said "I am one of the thousand Buddhas.""Yes, really," replied Gotama.A monk, Hwui Chao (E-cha) by name, asked Pao Yen (Ho-gen): "What is Buddha?""You are Hwui Chao," replied the master.The same question was put to Sheu Shan (Shu-zan), Chi Man (Chi-mon), and Teu Tsz (To-shi), the first of whom answered: "A bride mounts on a donkey and her mother-in-law drives it;" and the second: "He goes barefooted, his sandals being worn out;" while the third rose from his chair and stood still without saying a word.Chwen Hih (Fu-kiu) explains this point in unequivocal terms: "Night after night I sleep with Buddha, and every morning I get up with Him.He accompanies me wherever I go.When I stand or sit, when I speak or be mute, when I am out or in, He never leaves me, even as a shadow accompanies body.Would you know where He is?Listen to that voice and word."[FN#156]

[FN#154] It is often called the Lord or Master of mind.

[FN#155] Another name for Buddha is the Original Mind"
(Kechi-myaku-ron).

[FN#156] For such dialogues, see Sho-yo-roku, Mu-mon-kan,
Heki-gan-shu. Fu-kiu's words are repeatedly quoted by Zen masters.

17.Enlightened Consciousness is not an Intellectual Insight.

Enlightened Consciousness is not a bare intellectual insight, for it is full of beautiful emotions.It loves, caresses, embraces, and at the same time esteems all beings, being ever merciful to them.It has no enemies to conquer, no evil to fight with, but constantly finds friends to help, good to promote.Its warm heart beats in harmony with those of all fellow beings.The author of Brahmajala-sutra fully expresses this idea as he says: "All women are our mothers; all men our fathers; all earth and water our bodies in the past existences; all fire and air our essence."

Thus relying on our inner experience, which is the only direct way of knowing Buddha, we conceive Him as a Being with profound wisdom and boundless mercy, who loves all beings as His children, whom He is fostering, bringing up, guiding, and teaching."These three worlds are His, and all beings living in them are His children."[FN#157] "The Blessed One is the mother of all sentient beings, and gives them all the milk of mercy."[FN#158] Some people named Him Absolute, as He is all light, all hope, all mercy, and all wisdom; some, Heaven, as He is high and enlightened; some, God, as He is sacred and mysterious; some, Truth, as He is true to Himself; some, Buddha, as He is free from illusion; some, Creator, as He is the creative force immanent in the universe; some, Path, as He is the Way we must follow; some, Unknowable, as He is beyond relative knowledge; some, Self, as He is the Self of individual selves.All these names are applied to one Being, whom we designate by the name of Universal Life or Spirit.

[FN#157] Saddharma-pundarika-sutra.

[FN#158] Mahaparinirvana-sutra.

18.Our Conception of Buddha is not Final.

Has, then, the divine nature of Universal Spirit been completely and exhaustively revealed in our Enlightened Consciousness?To this question we should answer negatively, for, so far as our limited experience is concerned, Universal Spirit reveals itself as a Being with profound wisdom and boundless mercy; this, nevertheless, does not imply that the conception is the only possible and complete one.We should always bear in mind that the world is alive, and changing, and moving.It goes on to disclose a new phase, or to add a new truth.The subtlest logic of old is a mere quibble of nowadays.The miracles of yesterday are the commonplaces of to-day.Now theories are formed, new discoveries are made, only to give their places to newer theories are discoveries.New ideals realized or new desires satisfied are sure to awaken newer and stronger desires.Not an instant life remains immutable, but it rushes on, amplifying and enriching itself from the dawn of time to the end of eternity.

Therefore Universal Life may in the future possibly unfold its new spiritual content, yet unknown to us because it has refined, lifted up, and developed living beings from the amťba to man, increasing the intelligence and range of individuals, until highly civilized man emerge into the plane of consciousness-consciousness of divine light in him.Thus to believe in Buddha is to be content and thankful for the grace of His, and to hope for the infinite unfoldment of His glories in man.

19.How to Worship Buddha.

The author of Vimalakirtti-nirdeca-sutra well explains our attitude towards Buddha when he says: "We ask Buddha for nothing.We ask Dharma for nothing.We ask Samgha for nothing."Nothing we ask of Buddha.No worldly success, no rewards in the future life, no special blessing.Hwang Pah (O-baku) said: "I simply worship Buddha.I ask Buddha for nothing.I ask Dharma for nothing.I ask Samgha for nothing."Then a prince[FN#159] questioned him: "You ask Buddha for nothing.You ask Dharma for nothing.You ask Samgha for nothing.What, then, is the use of your worship?"The Prince earned a slap as an answer to his utilitarian question.[FN#160] This incident well illustrates that worship, as understood by Zen masters, is a pure act of thanksgiving, or the opening of the grateful heart; in other words, the disclosing of Enlightened Consciousness.We are living the very life of Buddha, enjoying His blessing, and holding communion with Him through speech, thought, and action.The earth is not 'the vale of tears,' but the glorious creation of Universal Spirit; nor man 'the poor miserable sinner' but the living altar of Buddha Himself.Whatever we do, we do with grateful heart and pure joy sanctioned by Enlightened Consciousness; eating, drinking, talking, walking, and every other work of our daily life are the worship and devotion.We agree with Margaret Fuller when she says: "Reverence the highest; have patience with the lowest; let this day's performance of the meanest duty be thy religion.Are the stars too distant?Pick up the pebble that lies at thy feet, and from it learn all."

[FN#159] Afterwards the Emperor Suen Tsung (Sen-so), of the Tang dynasty.

[FN#160] For the details, see Heki-gan-shu.

CHAPTER V

THE NATURE OF MAN

1.Man is Good-natured according to Mencius.[FN#161]

Oriental scholars, especially the Chinese men of letters, seem to have taken so keen an interest in the study of human nature that they proposed all the possible opinions respecting the subject in question-namely, (1) man is good-natured; (2) man is bad-natured; (3) man is good-natured and bad-natured as well; (4) man is neither good-natured nor bad-natured.The first of these opinions was proposed by a most reputed Confucianist scholar, Mencius, and his followers, and is still adhered to by the majority of the Japanese and the Chinese Confucianists.Mencius thought it as natural for man to do good as it is for the grass to be green.'Suppose a person has happened,' he would say, 'to find a child on the point of tumbling down into a deep well.He would rescue it even at the risk of his life, no matter how morally degenerated he might be.He would have no time to consider that his act might bring him some reward from its parents, or a good reputation among his friends and fellow-citizens.He would do it barely out of his inborn good-nature.'After enumerating some instances similar to this one, Mencius concludes that goodness is the fundamental nature of man, even if he is often carried away by his brutal disposition.

[FN#161] Mencius (372-282 B.C.)is regarded as the best expounder of the doctrine of Confucius.There exists a well-known work of his, entitled after his own name.See 'A History of Chinese Philosophy,' by R.Endo, and also 'A History of Chinese Philosophy' (pp.38-50), by G.Nakauchi.

2.Man is Bad-natured according to Siun Tsz[FN#162] (Jun-shi).

The weaknesses of Mencius's theory are fully exposed by another diametrically opposed theory propounded by Siun Tsz (Jun-shi) and his followers.'Man is bad-natured,' says Siun Tsz, 'since he has inborn lust, appetite, and desire for wealth.As he has inborn lust and appetite, he is naturally given to intemperance and wantonness.As he has inborn desire for wealth, he is naturally inclined to quarrel and fight with others for the sake of gain.'Leave him without discipline or culture, he would not be a whit better than the beast.His virtuous acts, such as charity, honesty, propriety, chastity, truthfulness, are conduct forced by the teachings of ancient sages against his natural inclination.Therefore vices are congenial and true to his nature, while virtues alien and untrue to his fundamental nature.

[FN#162] Siun Tsz's date is later by some fifty years than Mencius.Siun Tsz gives the reason why man seeks after morality, saying that man seeks what he has not, and that he seeks after morality simply because he has not morality, just as the poor seek riches.See 'A History of Chinese Philosophy' (pp.51-60), by G.Nakauchi, and 'A History of Development of Chinese Thought,' by R.Endo.

These two theories are not only far from throwing light on the moral state of man, but wrap it in deeper gloom.Let us raise a few questions by way of refutation.If man's fundamental nature be good, as Mencius maintains, why is it easy for him to be vicious without instruction, while he finds it hard to be virtuous even with instruction.If you contend that good is man's primary nature and evil the secondary one, why is be so often overpowered by the secondary nature?If you answer saying that man is good-natured originally, but he acquires the secondary nature through the struggle for existence, and it gradually gains power over the primary nature by means of the same cause, then the primitive tribes should be more virtuous than the highly civilized nations, and children than grownup people.Is this not contrary to fact?

If, again, man's nature is essentially bad, as Siun Tsz holds, how can he cultivate virtue?If you contend that ancient sages invented so-called cardinal virtues and inculcated them against his natural inclination, why does he not give them up?If vices be congenial and true to man's nature, but virtues be alien and untrue to him, why are virtues honoured by him?If vices be genuine and virtue a deception, as you think, why do you call the inventors of that deceiving art sages?How was it possible for man to do good before these sages' appearance on earth?

3.Man is both Good-natured and Bad-natured according to Yan Hiung[FN#163] (Yo-yu).

According to Yang Hiung and his followers, good is no less real than evil, and evil is no more unreal than good.Therefore man must be double-natured-that is, partly good and partly bad.This is the reason why the history of man is full of fiendish crimes, and, at the same time, it abounds with godly deeds.This is the reason why mankind comprises, on the one hand, a Socrates, a Confucius, a Jesus, and, on the other, a Nero and a Kieh.This is the reason why we find to-day a honest fellow in him whom we find a betrayer to-morrow.

[FN#163] Yan Hiung (died A.D.18) is the reputed author of Tai Huen (Tai-gen) and Fah Yen (Ho-gen).His opinion in reference to human nature is found in Fah Yen.

This view of man's nature might explain our present moral state, yet it calls forth many questions bard to answer.If this assertion be true, is it not a useless task to educate man with the purpose of making him better and nobler?How could one extirpate man's bad nature implanted within him at his origin?If man be double-natured, how did he come to set good over evil?How did he come to consider that he ought to be good and ought not to be bad?How could you establish the authority of morality?

4.Man is neither Good-natured nor Bad-natured according to Su Shih (So-shoku).[FN#164]

The difficulty may be avoided by a theory given by Su Shih and other scholars influenced by Buddhism, which maintains that man is neither good-natured nor bad-natured.According to this opinion man is not moral nor immoral by nature, but unmoral.He is morally a blank.He is at a crossroad, so to speak, of morality when he is first born.As he is blank, he can be dyed black or red.As he is at the cross-road, he can turn to the right or to the left.He is like fresh water, which has no flavour, and can be made sweet or bitter by circumstances.If we are not mistaken, this theory, too, has to encounter insurmountable difficulties.How could it be possible to make the unmoral being moral or immoral?We might as well try to get honey out of sand as to get good or evil out of the blank nature.There can be no fruit of good or evil where there is no seed of good or bad nature.Thus we find no satisfactory solution of the problem at issue in these four theories proposed by the Chinese scholars—the first theory being incompetent to explain the problem of human depravity; the second breaking down at the origin of morality; the third failing to explain the possibility of moral culture; the fourth being logically self-contradictory.

[FN#164] Su Shih (1042-1101), a great man of letters, practiser of
Zen, noted for his poetical works.

5.There is no Mortal who is Purely Moral.

By nature man should be either good or bad; or he should be good as well as bad; or he should be neither good nor bad.There can be no alternative possible besides these four propositions, none of which can be accepted as true.Then there must be some misconception in the terms of which they consist.It would seem to some that the error can be avoided by limiting the sense of the term 'man,' saying some persons are good-natured, some persons are bad-natured, some persons are good-natured and bad-natured as well, and some persons are neither good-natured nor bad-natured.There is no contradiction in these modified propositions, but still they fail to explain the ethical state of man.Supposing them all to be true, let us assume that there are the four classes of people: (1) Those who are purely moral and have no immoral disposition; (2) those who are half moral and half immoral; (3) those who are neither moral nor immoral; (4) those who are purely immoral and have no moral disposition.Orthodox Christians, believing in the sinlessness of Jesus, would say he belongs to the first class, while Mohammedans and Buddhists, who deify the founder of their respective faith, would in such case regard their founder as the purely moral personage.But are your beliefs, we should ask, based on historical fact?Can you say that such traditional and self-contradictory records as the four gospels are history in the strict sense of the term?Can you assert that those traditions which deify Mohammed and Shakya are the statements of bare facts?Is not Jesus an abstraction and an ideal, entirely different from a concrete carpenter's son, who fed on the same kind of food, sheltered himself in the same kind of building, suffered from the same kind of pain, was fired by the same kind of anger, stung by the same kind of lust as our own?Can you say the person who fought many a sanguinary battle, who got through many cunning negotiations with enemies and friends, who personally experienced the troubles of polygamy, was a person sinless and divine?We might allow that these ancient sages are superhuman and divine, then our classification has no business with them, because they do not properly belong to mankind.Now, then, who can point out any sinless person in the present world?Is it not a fact that the more virtuous one grows the more sinful he feels himself?If there be any mortal, in the past, the present, and the future, who declares himself to be pure and sinless, his very declaration proves that he is not highly moral.Therefore the existence of the first class of people is open to question.

6.There is no Mortal who is Non-Moral or Purely Immoral.

The same is the case with the third and the fourth class of people who are assumed as non-moral or purely immoral.There is no person, however morally degraded he may be, but reveals some good nature in his whole course of life.It is our daily experience that we find a faithful friend in the person even of a pickpocket, a loving father even in a burglar, and a kind neighbour even in a murderer.Faith, sympathy, friendship, love, loyalty, and generosity dwell not merely in palaces and churches, but also in brothels and gaols.On the other hand, abhorrent vices and bloody crimes often find shelter under the silk hat, or the robe, or the coronet, or the crown.Life may fitly be compared with a rope made of white and black straw, and to separate one from the other is to destroy the rope itself; so also life entirely independent of the duality of good and bad is no actual life.We must acknowledge, therefore, that the third and the fourth propositions are inconsistent with our daily experience of life, and that only the second proposition remains, which, as seen above, breaks down at the origin of morality.

7.Where, then, does the Error Lie?

Where, then, does the error lie in the four possible propositions respecting man's nature?It lies not in their subject, but in the predicate-that is to say, in the use of the terms 'good' and 'bad.'Now let us examine how does good differ from bad.A good action ever promotes interests in a sphere far wider than a bad action.Both are the same in their conducing to human interests, but differ in the extent in which they achieve their end.In other words, both good and bad actions are performed for one end and the same purpose of promoting human interests, but they differ from each other as to the extent of interests.For instance, burglary is evidently bad action, and is condemned everywhere; but the capturing of an enemy's property for the sake of one's own tribe or clan or nation is praised as a meritorious conduct.Both acts are exactly the same in their promoting interests; but the former relates to the interests of a single individual or of a single family, while the latter to those of a tribe or a nation.If the former be bad on account of its ignoring others' interests, the latter must be also bad on account of its ignoring the enemy's interests.Murder is considered bad everywhere; but the killing of thousands of men in a battle-field is praised and honoured, because the former is perpetrated to promote the private interests, while the latter those of the public.If the former be bad, because of its cruelty, the latter must also be bad, because of its inhumanity.

The idea of good and bad, generally accepted by common sense, may be stated as follows: 'An action is good when it promotes the interests of an individual or a family; better when it promotes those of a district or a country; best when it promotes those of the whole world.An action is bad when it inflicts injury on another individual or another family; worse when it is prejudicial to a district or a country; worst when it brings harm on the whole world.Strictly speaking, an action is good when it promotes interests, material or spiritual, as intended by the actor in his motive; and it is bad when it injures interests, material or spiritual, as intended by the actor in his motive.'

According to this idea, generally accepted by common sense, human actions may be classified under four different heads: (1) Purely good actions; (2) partly good and partly bad actions; (3) neither good nor bad actions; (4) purely bad actions.First, purely good actions are those actions which subserve and never hinder human interests either material or spiritual, such as humanity and love of all beings.Secondly, partly good and partly bad actions are those actions which are both for and against human interests, such as narrow patriotism and prejudiced love.Thirdly, neither good nor bad actions are such actions as are neither for nor against human interests—for example, an unconscious act of a dreamer.Lastly, purely bad actions, which are absolutely against human interests, cannot be possible for man except suicide, because every action promotes more or less the interests, material or spiritual, of the individual agent or of someone else.Even such horrible crimes as homicide and parricide are intended to promote some interests, and carry out in some measure their aim when performed.It follows that man cannot be said to be good or bad in the strict sense of the terms as above defined, for there is no human being who does the first class of actions and nothing else, nor is there any mortal who does the fourth class of actions and nothing else.Man may be called good and bad, and at the same time be neither good nor bad, in that he always performs the second and the third class of actions.All this, nevertheless, is a more play of words.Thus we are driven to conclude that the common-sense view of human nature fails to grasp the real state of actual life.

8.Man is not Good-natured nor Bad-natured, but Buddha-natured.

We have had already occasion to observe that Zen teaches Buddha-nature, which all sentient beings are endowed with.The term 'Buddha-nature,'[FN#165] as accepted generally by Buddhists, means a latent and undeveloped nature, which enables its owner to become Enlightened when it is developed and brought to actuality.[FN#166] Therefore man, according to Zen, is not good-natured nor bad-natured in the relative sense, as accepted generally by common sense, of these terms, but Buddha-natured in the sense of non-duality.A good person (of common sense) differs from a bad person (of common sense), not in his inborn Buddha-nature, but in the extent of his expressing it in deeds.Even if men are equally endowed with that nature, yet their different states of development do not allow them to express it to an equal extent in conduct.Buddha-nature may be compared with the sun, and individual mind with the sky.Then an Enlightened mind is like the sky in fair weather, when nothing prevents the beams of the sun; while an ignorant mind is like the sky in cloudy weather, when the sun sheds faint light; and an evil mind is like the sky in stormy weather, when the sun seems to be out of existence.It comes under our daily observation that even a robber or a murderer may prove to be a good father and a loving husband to his wife and children.He is an honest fellow when he remains at home.The sun of Buddha-nature gives light within the wall of his house, but without the house the darkness of foul crimes shrouds him.

[FN#165] For a detailed explanation of Buddha-nature, see the chapter entitled Buddha-nature in Sho-bo-gen-zo.

[FN#166] Mahaparinirvana-sutra may be said to have been written for the purpose of stating this idea.

9.The Parable of the Robber Kih.[FN#167]

Chwang Tsz (So-shi) remarks in a humorous way to the following effect: "The followers of the great robber and murderer Kih asked him saying: 'Has the robber also any moral principles in his proceedings?'He replied: 'What profession is there which has not its principles?That the robber comes to the conclusion without mistake that there are valuable deposits in an apartment shows his wisdom; that he is the first to enter it shows his bravery; that he makes an equal division of the plunder shows his justice; that he never betrays the fellow-robbers shows his faithfulness; and that he is generous to the followers shows his benevolence.Without all these five qualities no one in the world has ever attained to become a great robber.'" The parable clearly shows us Buddha-nature of the robber and murderer expresses itself as wisdom, bravery, justice, faithfulness, and benevolence in his society, and that if he did the same outside it, he would not be a great robber but a great sage.

[FN#167] The parable is told for the purpose of undervaluing Confucian doctrine, but the author thereby accidentally touches human nature.We do not quote it here with the same purpose as the author's.

10.Wang Yang Ming (O-yo-mei) and a Thief.

One evening when Wang was giving a lecture to a number of students on his famous doctrine that all human beings are endowed with Conscience,[FN#168] a thief broke into the house and hid himself in the darkest corner.Then Wang declared aloud that every human being is born with Conscience, and that even the thief who had got into the house had Conscience just as the sages of old.The burglar, overhearing these remarks, came out to ask the forgiveness of the master; since there was no way of escape for him, and he was half-naked, he crouched behind the students.Wang's willing forgiveness and cordial treatment encouraged the man to ask the question how the teacher could know such a poor wretch as he was endowed with Conscience as the sages of old.Wang replied: "It is your Conscience that makes you ashamed of your nakedness.You yourself are a sage, if you abstain from everything that will put shame on you."We firmly believe that Wang is perfectly right in telling the thief that he was not different in nature from the sages of old.It is no exaggeration.It is a saving truth.It is also a most effective way of saving men out of darkness of sin.Any thief ceases to be a thief the moment he believes in his own Conscience, or Buddha-nature.You can never correct criminals by your severe reproach or punishment.You can save them only through your sympathy and love, by which you call forth their inborn Buddha-nature.Nothing can produce more pernicious effects on criminals than to treat them as if they were a different sort of people and confirm them in their conviction that they are bad-natured.We greatly regret that even in a civilized society authorities neglecting this saving truth are driving to perdition those criminals under their care, whom it is their duty to save.

[FN#168] It is not conscience in the ordinary sense of the term.It is 'moral' principle, according to Wang, pervading through the Universe.'It expresses itself as Providence in Heaven, as moral nature in man, and as mechanical laws in things.'The reader will notice that Wang's Conscience is the nearest approach to Buddha-nature.

11.The Bad are the Good in the Egg.

This is not only the case with a robber or a murderer, but also with ordinary people.There are many who are honest and good in their homesteads, but turn out to be base and dishonest folk outside them.Similarly, there are those who, having an enthusiastic love of their local district, act unlawfully against the interests of other districts.They are upright and honourable gentlemen within the boundary of their own district, but a gang of rascals without it.So also there are many who are Washingtons and William Tells in their own, but at the same time pirates and cannibals in the other countries.Again, there are not a few persons who, having racial prejudices, would not allow the rays of their Buddha-nature to pass through a coloured skin.There are civilized persons who are humane enough to love and esteem any human being as their brother, but so unfeeling that they think lower creatures as their proper food.The highly enlightened person, however, cannot but sympathize with human beings and lower creatures as well, as Shakya Muni felt all sentient beings to be his children.

These people are exactly the same in their Buddha-nature, but a wide difference obtains among them in the extent of their expressing that nature in deeds.If thieves and murderers be called bad-natured, reformers and revolutionists should be called so.If, on the other hand, patriotism and loyalty be said to be good, treason and insurrection should likewise be so.Therefore it is evident that a so-called good person is none but one who acts to promote wider interests of life, and a so-called bad person is none but one who acts to advance narrower ones.In other words, the bad are the good in the egg, so to speak, and the good are the bad on the wing.As the bird in the egg is one and the same as the bird on the wing, so the good in the egg is entirely of the same nature as the bad on the wing.To show that human nature transcends the duality of good and evil, the author of Avatamsaka-sutra declares that 'all beings are endowed with the wisdom and virtue of Tathagata.'Kwei Fung (Kei-ho) also says: "All sentient beings have the Real Spirit of Original Enlightenment (within themselves).It is unchanging and pure.It is eternally bright and clear, and conscious.It is also named Buddha-nature, or Tathagata-garbha."

12.The Great Person and Small Person.

For these reasons Zen proposes to call man Buddha-natured or Good-natured in a sense transcendental to the duality of good and bad.It conveys no sense to call some individuals good in case there is no bad individual.For the sake of convenience, however, Zen calls man good, as is exemplified by Shakya Muni, who was wont to address his hearers as 'good men and women,' and by the Sixth Patriarch in China, who called everybody 'a good and wise one.'This does not imply in the least that all human beings are virtuous, sinless, and saintly-nay, the world is full of vices and crimes.It is an undeniable fact that life is the warfare of good against evil, and many a valiant hero has fallen in the foremost ranks.It is curious, however, to notice that the champions on the both sides are fighting for the same cause.There can be no single individual in the world who is fighting against his own cause or interest, and the only possible difference between one party and the other consists in the extent of interests which they fight for.So-called bad persons, who are properly designated as 'small persons' by Chinese and Japanese scholars, express their Buddha-nature to a small extent mostly within their own doors, while so-called good persons, or 'great persons' as the Oriental scholars call them, actualize their Buddha-nature to a large extent in the whole sphere of a country, or of the whole earth.

Enlightened Consciousness, or Buddha-nature, as we have seen in the previous chapter, is the mind of mind and the consciousness of consciousness, Universal Spirit awakened in individual minds, which realizes the universal brotherhood of all beings and the unity of individual lives.It is the real self, the guiding principle, the Original Physiognomy[FN#169] (nature), as it is called by Zen, of man.This real self lies dormant under the threshold of consciousness in the minds of the confused; consequently, each of them is inclined to regard petty individual as his self, and to exert himself to further the interests of the individual self even at the cost of those of the others.He is 'the smallest person' in the world, for his self is reduced to the smallest extent possible.Some of the less confused identify their selves with their families, and feel happy or unhappy in proportion as their families are happy or unhappy, for the sake of which they sacrifice the interests of other families.On the other hand, some of the more enlightened unite their selves through love and compassion with their whole tribe or countrymen, and consider the rise or fall of the tribe or of the country as their own, and willingly sacrifice their own lives, if need be, for the cause of the tribe or the country.When they are fully enlightened, they can realize the unity of all sentient lives, and be ever merciful and helpful towards all creatures.They are 'the greatest persons' on earth, because their selves are enlarged to the greatest extent possible.

[FN#169] The expression first occurs in Ho-bo-dan-kyo of the Sixth
Patriarch, and is frequently used by later Zenists.

13.The Theory of Buddha-Nature adequately explains the Ethical States of Man.

This theory of Buddha-nature enables us to get an insight into the origin of morality.The first awakening of Buddha-nature within man is the very beginning of morality, and man's ethical progress is the gradually widening expression of that nature in conduct.But for it morality is impossible for man.But for it not only moral culture or discipline, but education and social improvement must be futile.Again, the theory adequately explains the ethical facts that the standard of morality undergoes change in different times and places, that good and bad are so inseparably knit together, and that the bad at times become good all on a sudden, and the good grow bad quite unexpectedly.First, it goes without saying that the standard of morality is raised just in proportion as Buddha-nature or real self extends and amplifies itself in different times and places.Secondly, since good is Buddha-nature actualized to a large extent, and bad is also Buddha-nature actualized to a small extent, the existence of the former presupposes that of the latter, and the mess of duality can never be got rid of.Thirdly, the fact that the bad become good under certain circumstances, and the good also become bad often unexpectedly, can hardly be explained by the dualistic theory, because if good nature be so arbitrarily turned into bad and bad nature into good, the distinction of good and bad nature has no meaning whatever.According to the theory of Buddha-nature, the fact that the good become bad or the bad become good, does not imply in the least a change of nature, but the widening or the narrowing of its actualization.So that no matter how morally degenerated one may be, he can uplift himself to a high ethical plane by the widening of his self, and at the same time no matter how morally exalted one may be, he can descend to the level of the brute by the narrowing of his self.To be an angel or to be a devil rests with one's degrees of enlightenment and free choice.This is why such infinite varieties exist both among the good and the bad.This is why the higher the peak of enlightenment the people climb, the more widely the vista of moral possibilities open before them.

14.Buddha-Nature is the Common Source of Morals.

Furthermore, Buddha-nature or real self, being the seat of love and the nucleus of sincerity, forms the warp and woof of all moral actions.He is an obedient son who serves his parents with sincerity and love.He is a loyal subject who serves his master with sincerity and love.A virtuous wife is she who loves her husband with her sincere heart.A trustworthy friend is he who keeps company with others with sincerity and love.A man of righteousness is he who leads a life of sincerity and love.Generous and humane is he who sympathizes with his fellow-men with his sincere heart.Veracity, chastity, filial piety, loyalty, righteousness, generosity, humanity, and what not-all-this is no other than Buddha-nature applied to various relationships of human brotherhood.This is the common source, ever fresh and inexhaustible, of morality that fosters and furthers the interests of all.To-ju[FN#170] expresses the similar idea as follows:

"There exists the Inexhaustible Source (of morality) within me.
It is an invaluable treasure.
It is called Bright Nature of man.
It is peerless and surpasses all jewels.
The aim of learning is to bring out this Bright Nature.
This is the best thing in the world.
Real happiness can only be secured by it."

Thus, in the first place, moral conduct, which is nothing but the expression of Buddha-nature in action, implies the assertion of self and the furtherance of one's interests.On this point is based the half-truth of the Egoistic theory.Secondly, it is invariably accompanied by a feeling of pleasure or satisfaction when it fulfils its end.This accidental concomitance is mistaken for its essence by superficial observers who adhere to the Hedonistic theory.Thirdly, it conduces to the furtherance of the material and spiritual interests of man, and it led the Utilitarians to the confusion of the result with the cause of morality.Fourthly, it involves the control or sacrifice of the lower and ignoble self of an individual in order to realize his higher and nobler self.This gave rise to the half-truth of the Ascetic theory of morality.

[FN#170] To-ju Naka-e (died A.D.1649), the founder of the Japanese
Wang School of Confucianism, known as the Sage of Omi.

15.The Parable of a Drunkard.

Now the question arises, If all human beings are endowed with Buddha-nature, why have they not come naturally to be Enlightened?To answer this question, the Indian Mahayanists[FN#171] told the parable of a drunkard who forgets the precious gems put in his own pocket by one of his friends.The man is drunk with the poisonous liquor of selfishness, led astray by the alluring sight of the sensual objects, and goes mad with anger, lust, and folly.Thus he is in a state of moral poverty, entirely forgetting the precious gem of Buddha-nature within him.To be in an honourable position in society as the owner of that valuable property, he must first get rid himself of the influence of the liquor of self, and detach himself from sensual objects, gain control over his passion, restore peace and sincerity to his mind, and illumine his whole existence by his inborn divine light.Otherwise he has to remain in the same plight to all eternity.

[FN#171] Mahaparinirvana-sutra.

Lot us avail ourselves of another figure to explain more clearly the point at issue.Universal Spirit may fitly be likened to the universal water, or water circulating through the whole earth.This universal water exists everywhere.It exists in the tree.It exists in the grass.It exists in the mountain.It exists in the river.It exists in the sea.It exists in the air.It exists in the cloud.Thus man is not only surrounded by water on all sides, but it penetrates his very body.But be can never appease his thirst without drinking water.In like manner Universal Spirit exists everywhere.It exists in the tree.It exists in the grass.It exists in the ground.It exists in the mountain.It exists in the river.It exists in the sea.It exists in the bird.It exists in the beast.Thus man is not merely surrounded by Spirit on all sides, but it permeates through his whole existence.But he can never be Enlightened unless he awakens it within him by means of Meditation.To drink water is to drink the universal water; to awaken Buddha-nature is to be conscious of Universal Spirit.

Therefore, to get Enlightened we have to believe that all beings are Buddha-natured—that is, absolutely good-natured in the sense that transcends the duality of good and bad."One day," to cite an example, "Pan Shan (Ban-zan) happened to pass by a meat-shop.He heard a customer saying: 'Give me a pound of fresh meat.'To which the shopkeeper, putting down his knife, replied: Certainly, sir.Could there be any meat that is not fresh in my shop?'Pan Shan, hearing these remarks, was Enlightened at once."

16.Shakya Muni and the Prodigal Son.

A great trouble with us is that we do not believe in half the good that we are born with.We are just like the only son of a well-to-do, as the author of Saddharma-pundarika-sutra[FN#172] tells us, who, being forgetful of his rich inheritance, leaves his home and leads a life of hand-to-mouth as a coolie.How miserable it is to see one, having no faith in his noble endowment, burying the precious gem of Buddha-nature into the foul rubbish of vices and crimes, wasting his excellent genius in the exertion that is sure to disgrace his name, falling a prey to bitter remorse and doubt, and casting himself away into the jaw of perdition.Shakya Muni, full of fatherly love towards all beings, looked with compassion on us, his prodigal son, and used every means to restore the half-starved man to his home.It was for this that he left the palace and the beloved wife and son, practised his self-mortification and prolonged Meditation, attained to Enlightenment, and preached Dharma for forty-nine years; in other words, all his strength and effort were focussed on that single aim, which was to bring the prodigal son to his rich mansion of Buddha-nature.He taught not only by words, but by his own actual example, that man has Buddha-nature, by the unfoldment of which he can save himself from the miseries of life and death, and bring himself to a higher realm than gods.When we are Enlightened, or when Universal Spirit awakens within us, we open the inexhaustible store of virtues and excellencies, and can freely make use of them at our will.

[FN#172] See 'Sacred Books of the East,' vol.xxi., chap.iv., pp.98-118.

17.The Parable of the Monk and the Stupid Woman.

The confused or unenlightened may be compared with a monk and a stupid woman in a Japanese parable which runs as follows: "One evening a monk (who was used to have his head shaved clean), getting drunk against the moral precepts, visited a woman, known as a blockhead, at her house.No sooner had he got into her room than the female fell asleep so soundly that the monk could not wake her nap.Thereupon he made up his mind to use every possible means to arouse her, and searched and searched all over the room for some instrument that would help him in his task of arousing her from death-like slumber.Fortunately, he found a razor in one of the drawers of her mirror stand.With it he gave a stroke to her hair, but she did not stir a whit.Then came another stroke, and she snored like thunder.The third and fourth strokes came, but with no better result.And at last her head was shaven clean, yet still she slept on.The next morning when she awoke, she could not find her visitor, the monk, as he had left the house in the previous night.'Where is my visitor, where my dear monk?'she called aloud, and waking in a state of somnambulation looked for him in vain, repeating the outcry.When at length her hand accidentally touched her shaven head, she mistook it for that of her visitor, and exclaimed: 'Here you are, my dear, where am I myself gone then?"A great trouble with the confused is their forgetting of real self or Buddha-nature, and not knowing 'where it is gone.'Duke Ngai, of the State of Lu, once said to Confucius: "One of my subjects, Sir, is so much forgetful that he forgot to take his wife when be changed his residence.""That is not much, my lord," said the sage, "the Emperors Kieh[FN#173] and Cheu[FN#174] forgot their own selves."[FN#175]

[FN#173] The last Emperor of the Ha dynasty, notorious for his vices.His reign was 1818-1767 B.C.

[FN#174] The last Emperor of the Yin dynasty, one of the worst despots.His reign was 1154-1122 B.C.

[FN#175] Ko-shi-ke-go.

18.'Each Smile a Hymn, each Kindly Word a Prayer.'

The glorious sun of Buddha-nature shines in the zenith of Enlightened Consciousness, but men still dream a dream of illusion.Bells and clocks of the Universal Church proclaim the dawn of Bodhi, yet men, drunk with the liquors of the Three Poisons[FN#176] Still slumber in the darkness of sin.Let us pray to Buddha, in whose bosom we live, for the sake of our own salvation.Let us invoke Buddha, whose boundless mercy ever besets us, for the Sake of joy and peace of all our fellow-beings.Let us adore Him through our sympathy towards the poor, through our kindness shown to the suffering, through our thought of the sublime and the good.

"O brother man, fold to thy heart thy brother;
Where pity dwells, the peace of God is there;
To worship rightly is to love each other,
Each smile a hymn, each kindly word a prayer."
—Whittier.

Let, then, your heart be so pure that you may not be unworthy of the sunshine beaming upon you the light of Universal Spirit.Let your thought be so noble that you may deserve fair flowers blooming before you, reminding you of merciful Buddha.Let your life be so good that you may not be ashamed of yourself in the presence of the Blessed One.This is the piety of Mahayanists, especially of Zenists.

[FN#176] Lust, anger, and folly.

19.The World is in the Making.

Our assertion is far from assuming that life is now complete, and is in its best state.On the contrary, it is full of defects and shortcomings.We must not be puffed up with modern civilization, however great victory it has scored for its side.Beyond all doubt man is still in his cradle.He often stretches forth his hands to get at his higher ideal, yet is still satisfied with worthless playthings.It is too glaring a fact to be overlooked by us that faith in religion is dying out in the educated circles of society, that insincerity, cowardice, and double-tongue are found holding high positions in almost ever community, that Lucrese and Ezzeling are looking down upon the starving multitude from their luxurious palace, that Mammon and Bacchus are sometimes preying on their living victims, that even religion often sides with Contention and piety takes part in Cruelty, that Anarchy is ever ready to spring on the crowned beings, that philosophy is disposed to turn the deaf ear to the petition of peace, while science provides fuel for the fire of strife.

Was the golden age of man, then, over in the remote past?Is the doomsday coming instead?Do you bear the trumpet call?Do you feel the earth tremble?No, absolutely no, the golden age is not passed.It is yet to come.There are not a few who think that the world is in completion, and the Creator has finished His work.We witness, however, that He is still working and working, for actually we hear His hammer-strokes resounding through heaven above and earth beneath.Does He not show us new materials for His building?Does He not give new forms to His design?Does He not surprise us with novelties, extraordinaries, and mysteries?In a word, the world is in progress, not in retrogression.

A stream does not run in a straight line.It now turns to the right, now to the left, now leaps down a precipice, now waters rich fields, now runs back towards its source; but it is destined to find its outlet in the ocean.So it is with the stream of life.It now leaps down the precipice of revolution.Now it enriches the fertile field of civilization.Now it expands itself into a glassy lake of peace.Now it forms the dangerous whirlpool of strife.But its course is always toward the ocean of Enlightenment, in which the gems of equality and freedom, jewels of truth and beauty, and treasures of wisdom and bliss can be had.

20.The Progress and Hope of Life.

How many myriads of years have passed since the germs of life first made appearance on earth none can tell; how many thousands of summers and winters it has taken to develop itself into higher animals, no scientist can calculate exactly.Slowly but steadily it has taken its swerving course, and ascending stop by step the series of evolution, has reached at length the plane of the rational animal.We cannot tell how many billions of years it takes to develop ourselves and become beings higher than man himself, yet we firmly believe that it is possible for us to take the same unerring course as the organic germs took in the past.Existing humanity is not the same as primitive one.It is quite another race.Our desires and hopes are entirely different from those of primitive man.What was gold for them is now iron for us.Our thoughts and beliefs are what they never dreamed of.Of our knowledge they had almost none.That which they kept in veneration we trample under our feet.Things they worshipped as deities now serve us as our slaves.Things that troubled and tortured them we now turn into utilities.To say nothing of the customs and manners and mode of living which underwent extraordinary change, we are of a race in body and mind other than the primitive forefathers of good old days.In addition to this we have every reason to believe in the betterment of life.Let us cast a glance to the existing state of the world.While the Turco-Italian war was raising its ferocious outcry, the Chinese revolution lifted its head before the trembling throne.Who can tell whether another sanguinary affair will not break out before the Bulgarian bloodshed comes to an end?Still we believe that, as fire drives out fire, to borrow Shakespeare's phrase, so war is driving out war.As an ocean, which separated two nations in the past, serves to unite them now, so a war, which separated two people in the past, brings them to unity now.It goes without saying, that every nation groans under the burden of cannons and warships, and heartily desires peace.No nation can willingly wage war against any other nation.It is against the national conscience.It is no exaggeration to say the world is wholly the ear to hear the news from the goddess of peace.A time will surely come, if our purpose be steady and our resolution firm, when universal peace will be restored, and Shakya Muni's precept, 'not to kill,' will be realized by all mankind.

21.The Betterment of Life.

Again, people nowadays seem to feel keenly the wound of the economical results of war, but they are unfeeling to its moral injuries.As elements have their affinities, as bodies have their attractions, as creatures have their instinct to live together, so men have their inborn mutual love.'God divided man into men that they might help each other.'Their strength lies in their mutual help, their pleasure is in their mutual love, and their perfection is in their giving and receiving of alternate good.Therefore Shakya Muni says: "Be merciful to all living beings."To take up arms against any other person is unlawful for any individual.It is the violation of the universal law of life.

We do not deny that there are not a few who are so wretched that they rejoice in their crimes, nor that there is any person but has more or less stain on his character, nor that the means of committing crimes are multiplied in proportion as modern civilization advances; yet still we believe that our social life is ever breaking down our wolfish disposition that we inherited from our brute ancestors, and education is ever wearing out our cannibalistic nature which we have in common with wild animals.On the one hand, the signs of social morals are manifest in every direction, such as asylums for orphans, poorhouses, houses of correction, lodgings for the penniless, asylums for the poor, free hospitals, hospitals for domestic animals, societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals, schools for the blind and the dumb, asylums for the insane, and so forth; on the other hand, various discoveries and inventions have been made that may contribute to the social improvement, such as the discovery of the X rays and of radium, the invention of the wireless telegraph and that of the aeroplane and what not.Furthermore, spiritual wonders such as clairvoyance, clairaudience, telepathy, etc., remind us of the possibilities of further spiritual unfoldment in man which he never dreamed of.Thus life is growing richer and nobler step by step, and becoming more and more hopeful as we advance in the Way of Buddha.

22.The Buddha of Mercy.

Milton says:

"Virtue may be assailed, but never hurt;
Surprised by unjust force, but not enthralled.
But evil on itself shall back recoil,
And mix no more with goodness. If this fail,
The pillared firmament is rottenness,
And earth's base built on stubble."

The world is built on the foundation of morality, which is another name for Universal Spirit, and moral order sustains it.We human beings, consciously or unconsciously, were, are, and will be at work to bring the world into perfection.This idea is allegorically expressed in the Buddhist sutra,[FN#177] which details the advent of a merciful Buddha named Maitreya in the remote future.At that time, it says, there will be no steep hills, no filthy places, no epidemic, no famine, no earthquake, no storm, no war, no revolution, no bloodshed, no cruelty, and no suffering; the roads will be paved smoothly, grass and trees always blooming, birds ever singing, men contented and happy; all sentient beings will worship the Buddha of Mercy, accept His doctrine, and attain to Enlightenment.This prophecy will be fulfilled, according to the sutra, 5,670,000,000 years after the death of Shakya Muni.This evidently shows us that the Mahayanist's aim of life is to bring out man's inborn light of Buddha-nature to illumine the world, to realize the universal brotherhood of all sentient beings, to attain to Enlightenment, and to enjoy peace and joy to which Universal Spirit leads us.

[FN#177] See Nanjo's Catalogue, Nos.204-209.

CHAPTER VI

ENLIGHTENMENT

1.Enlightenment is beyond Description and Analysis.

In the foregoing chapters we have had several occasions to refer to the central problem of Zen or Enlightenment, whose content it is futile to attempt to explain or analyze.We must not explain or analyze it, because by doing so we cannot but mislead the reader.We can as well represent Enlightenment by means of explanation or analysis as we do personality by snapshots or by anatomical operations.As our inner life, directly experienced within us, is anything but the shape of the head, or the features of the face, or the posture of the body, so Enlightenment experienced by Zenists at the moment of their highest Samadhi[FN#178] is anything but the psychological analysis of mental process, or the epistemological explanation of cognition, or the philosophical generalization of concepts.Enlightenment can be realized only by the Enlightened, and baffles every attempt to describe it, even by the Enlightened themselves.The effort of the confused to guess at Enlightenment is often likened by the Zenists to the effort of the blind who feel an elephant to know what it looks like.Some of them who happen to feel the trunk would declare it is like a rope, but those who happen to feel the belly would declare it is like a huge drum; while those who happen to feel the feet would declare it is like the trunk of a tree.But none of these conjectures can approach the living elephant.

[FN#178] Abstract Contemplation, which the Zenists distinguish from Samadhi, practised by the Brahmins.The author of 'An Outline of Buddhist Sects' points out the distinction, saying: "Contemplation of outside religionists is practised with the heterodox view that the lower worlds (the worlds for men, beasts, etc.) are disgusting, but the upper worlds (the worlds for Devas) are desirable; Contemplation of common people (ordinary lay believers of Buddhism) is practised with the belief in the law of Karma, and also with disgust (for the lower worlds) and desire (for the upper worlds); Contemplation of Hinayana is practised with an insight into the truth of Anatman (non-soul); Contemplation of Mahayana is practised with an insight of Unreality of Atman (soul) as well as of Dharma (thing); Contemplation of the highest perfection is practised with the view that Mind is pure in its nature, it is endowed with unpolluted wisdom, free from passion, and it is no other than Buddha himself."

2.Enlightenment implies an Insight into the Nature of Self.

We cannot pass over, however, this weighty problem without saying a word.We shall try in this chapter to present Enlightenment before the reader in a roundabout way, just as the painter gives the fragmentary sketches of a beautiful city, being unable to give even a bird's-eye view of it.Enlightenment, first of all, implies an insight into the nature of Self.It is an emancipation of mind from illusion concerning Self.All kinds of sin take root deep in the misconception of Self, and putting forth the branches of lust, anger, and folly, throw dark shadows on life.To extirpate this misconception Buddhism[FN#179] strongly denies the existence of the individual soul as conceived by common sense-that is, that unchanging spiritual entity provided with sight, hearing, touch, smell, feeling, thought, imagination, aspiration, etc., which survives the body.It teaches us that there is no such thing as soul, and that the notion of soul is a gross illusion.It treats of body as a temporal material form of life doomed to be destroyed by death and reduced to its elements again.It maintains that mind is also a temporal spiritual form of life, behind which there is no immutable soul.

[FN#179] Both Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism teach the doctrine of Anatman, or Non-self.It is the denial of soul as conceived by common sense, and of Atman as conceived by Indian heterodox thinkers.Some Mahayanists believe in the existence of real Self instead of individual self, as we see in Mahaparinirvana-sutra, whose author says: "There is real self in non-self."It is worthy of note that the Hinayanists set forth Purity, Pleasure, Atman, and Eternity, as the four great misconceptions about life, while the same author regards them as the four great attributes of Nirvana itself.

An illusory mind tends either to regard body as Self and to yearn after its material interests, or to believe mind dependent on soul as Ego.Those who are given to sensual pleasures, consciously or unconsciously, bold body to be the Self, and remain the life-long slave to the objects of sense.Those who regard mind as dependent on soul as the Self, on the other hand, undervalue body as a mere tool with which the soul works, and are inclined to denounce life as if unworthy of living.We must not undervalue body, nor must we overestimate mind.There is no mind isolated from body, nor is there any body separated from mind.Every activity of mind produces chemical and physiological changes in the nerve-centres, in the organs, and eventually in the whole body; while every activity of body is sure to bring out the corresponding change in the mental function, and eventually in the whole personality.We have the inward experience of sorrow when we have simultaneously the outward appearance of tears and of pallor; when we have the outward appearance of the fiery eyes and short breath, we have simultaneously the inward feeling of anger.Thus body is mind observed outwardly in its relation to the senses; mind is body inwardly experienced in its relation to introspection.Who can draw a strict line of demarcation between mind and body?We should admit, so far as our present knowledge is concerned, that mind, the intangible, has been formed to don a garment of matter in order to become an intelligible existence at all; matter, the solid, has faded under examination into formlessness, as that of mind.Zen believes in the identification of mind and body, as Do-gen[FN#180] says: "Body is identical with mind; appearance and reality are one and the same thing."Bergson denies the identification of mind and body, saying:[FN#181] "It (experience) shows us the interdependence of the mental and the physical, the necessity of a certain cerebral substratum for the psychical state-nothing more.From the fact that two things are mutually dependent, it does not follow that they are equivalent.Because a certain screw is necessary for a certain machine, because the machine works when the screw is there and stops when the screw is taken away, we do not say that the screw is equivalent of the machine."Bergson's simile of a screw and a machine is quite inadequate to show the interdependence of mind and body, because the screw does cause the machine to work, but the machine does not cause the screw to work; so that their relation is not interdependence.On the contrary, body causes mind to work, and at the same time mind causes body to work; so that their relation is perfectly interdependent, and the relation is not that of an addition of mind to body, or of body to mind, as the screw is added to the machine.Bergson must have compared the working of the machine with mind, and the machine itself with body, if be wanted to show the real fact.Moreover, he is not right in asserting that "from the fact that two things are mutually dependent, it does not follow that they are equivalent," because there are several kinds of interdependence, in some of which two things can be equivalent.For instance, bricks, mutually dependent in their forming an arch, cannot be equivalent one with another; but water and waves, being mutually dependent, can be identified.In like manner fire and heat, air and wind, a machine and its working, mind and body.[FN#182]

[FN#180] The master strongly condemns the immortality of the soul as the heterodox doctrine in his Sho-bo-gen-zo.The same argument is found in Mu-chu-mon-do, by Mu-so Koku-shi.

[FN#181] 'Creative Evolution,' pp.354, 355.

[FN#182] Bergson, arguing against the dependence of the mind on brain, says: "That there is a close connection between a state of consciousness and the brain we do not dispute.But there is also a close connection between a coat and the nail on which it hangs, for if the nail is pulled out, the coat will fall to the ground.Shall we say, then, that the shape of the nail gave the shape of the coat, or in any way corresponds to it?No more are we entitled to conclude, because the psychical fact is hung on to a cerebral state, that there is any parallelism between the two series, psychical and physiological."We have to ask, in what respects does the interrelation between mind and body resemble the relation between a coat and a nail?

3.The Irrationality of the Belief of Immortality.

Occidental minds believe in a mysterious entity under the name of soul, just as Indian thinkers believe in the so-called subtle body entirely distinct from the gross body of flesh and blood.Soul, according to this belief, is an active principle that unites body and mind so as to form an harmonious whole of mental as well as bodily activities.And it acts through the instrumentality of the mind and body in the present life, and enjoys an eternal life beyond the grave.It is on this soul that individual immortality is based.It is immortal Self.Now, to say nothing of the origin of soul, this long-entertained belief is hardly good for anything.In the first place, it throws no light upon the relation of mind and body, because soul is an empty name for the unity of mind and body, and serves to explain nothing.On the contrary, it adds another mystery to the already mysterious relationships between matter and spirit.Secondly, soul should be conceived as a psychical individual, subject to spacial determinations—but since it has to be deprived by death of its body which individualizes it, it will cease to be individuality after death, to the disappointment of the believer.How could you think anything purely spiritual and formless existing without blending together with other things?Thirdly, it fails to gratify the desire, cherished by the believer, of enjoying eternal life, because soul has to lose its body, the sole important medium through which it may enjoy life.Fourthly, soul is taken as a subject matter to receive in the future life the reward or the punishment from God for our actions in this life; but the very idea of eternal punishment is inconsistent with the boundless love of God.Fifthly, it is beyond all doubt that soul is conceived as an entity, which unifies various mental faculties and exists as the foundation of individual personality.But the existence of such soul is quite incompatible with the well-known pathological fact that it is possible for the individual to have double or treble or multiple personalities.Thus the belief in the existence of soul conceived by the common sense turns out not only to be irrational, but a useless encumbrance on the religious mind.Therefore Zen declares that there is no such thing as soul, and that mind and body are one.Hwui Chung (Ye-chu), a famous disciple of the Sixth Patriarch in China, to quote an example, one day asked a monk: "Where did you come from?""I came, sir, from the South," replied the man."What doctrine do the masters of the South teach?"asked Hwui Chung again."They teach, sir, that body is mortal, but mind is immortal," was the answer."That," said the master, "is the heterodox doctrine of the Atman!""How do you, sir," questioned the monk, "teach about that?""I teach that the body and mind are one," was the reply.[FN#183]

[FN#183] For further explanation, see Sho-bo-gen-zo and
Mu-chu-mon-do.

Fiske, [FN#184] in his argument against materialism, blames the denial of immortality, saying: "The materialistic assumption that there is no such state of things, and that the life of the soul ends accordingly with the life of the body, is perhaps the most colossal instance of baseless assumption that is known to the history of philosophy."But we can say with equal force that the common-sense assumption that the life of soul continues beyond the grave is, perhaps, the most colossal instance of baseless assumption that is known to the history of thought, because, there being no scientific evidences that give countenance to the assumption, even the spiritualists themselves hesitate to assert the existence of a ghost or soul.Again he[FN#185] says: "With this illegitimate hypothesis of annihilation the materialist transgresses the bounds of experience quite as widely as the poet who sings of the New Jerusalem with its river of life and its street of gold.Scientifically speaking, there is not a particle of evidence for either view."This is as much as to say there is not a particle of evidence, scientifically speaking, for the common-sense view of soul, because the poet's description of the New Jerusalem is nothing but the result of the common-sense belief of immortality.

[FN#184] 'The Destiny of Man,' p.110.

[FN#185] 'The Destiny of Man,' pp.110, 111.

4.The Examination of the Notion of Self.

The belief in immortality is based on the strong instinct of self-preservation that calls forth an insatiable longing for longevity.It is another form of egoism, one of the relics of our brute forefathers.We must bear in mind that this illusion of the individual Self is the foundation on which every form of immorality has its being.I challenge my readers to find in the whole history of mankind any crime not based on egoism.Evil-doers have been as a rule pleasure-hunters, money-seekers, seekers after self-interests, characterized by lust, folly, and cruelty.Has there been anyone who committed theft that he might further the interests of his villagers?Has there been any paramour who disgraced himself that lie might help his neighbours?Has there been any traitor who performed the ignoble conduct to promote the welfare of his own country or society at large?

To get Enlightened, therefore, we have to correct, first of all, our notions concerning Self.Individual body and mind are not the only important constituents of Self.There are many other indispensable elements in the notion of Self.For instance, I have come into existence as another form of my parents.I am theirs, and may justly be called the reincarnation of them.And again, my father is another form of his parents; my mother of hers; his and her parents of theirs; and ad infinitum.In brief, all my forefathers live and have their being in me.I cannot help, therefore, thinking that my physical state is the result of the sum total of my good and bad actions in the past lives I led in the persons of my forefathers, and of the influence I received therein;[FN#186] and that my psychical state is the result of that which I received, felt, imagined, conceived, experienced, and thought in my past existences in the persons of my ancestors.

[FN#186] This is the law of Karma.

Besides this, my brothers, my sisters, my neighbours—nay, all my follow-men and fellow-women are no other than the reincarnation of their parents and forefathers, who are also mine.The same blood invigorated the king as well as the beggar; the same nerve energized the white as well as the black men; the same consciousness vitalized the wise as well as the unwise.Impossible it is to conceive myself independent of my fellow-men and fellow-women, for they are mine and I am theirs—that is, I live and move in them, and they live and move in me.

It is bare nonsense to say that I go to school, not to be educated as a member of society, but simply to gratify my individual desire for knowledge; or that I make a fortune, not to lead the life of a well-to-do in society, but to satisfy my individual money-loving instinct; or that I seek after truth, neither to do good to my contemporaries nor to the future generations, but only for my individual curiosity or that I live neither to live with my family nor with my friends nor with anyone else, but to live my individual life.It is as gross absurdity to say that I am an individual absolutely independent of society as to say I am a husband with no wife, or I am a son to no parents.Whatever I do directly or indirectly I contribute to the common fortune of man; whatever anyone else does directly or indirectly determines my fate.Therefore we must realize that our Selves necessarily include other members of the community, while other members' Selves necessarily comprehend us.

5.Nature is the Mother of All Things.

Furthermore, man has come into existence out of Nature.He is her child.She provided him food, raiment, and shelter.She nourishes him, strengthens him, and vitalizes him.At the same time she disciplines, punishes, and instructs him.His body is of her own formation, his knowledge is of her own laws, and his activities are the responses to her own addresses to him.Modern civilization is said by some to be the conquest of man over Nature; but, in fact, it is his faithful obedience to her."Bacon truly said," says Eucken,[FN#187] "that to rule nature man must first serve her.He forgot to add that, as her ruler, he is still destined to go on serving her."She can never be attacked by any being unless he acts in strict conformity to her laws.To accomplish anything against her law is as impossible as to catch fishes in a forest, or to make bread of rock.How many species of animals have perished owing to their inability to follow her steps!How immense fortunes have been lost in vain from man's ignorance of her order!How many human beings disappeared on earth from their disobedience to her unbending will!She is, nevertheless, true to those who obey her rules.Has not science proved that she is truthful?Has not art found that she is beautiful?

[FN#187] Eucken's 'Philosophy of Life,' by W.R.Royce Gibbon, p.51.

Has not philosophy announced that she is spiritual?Has not religion proclaimed that she is good?At all events, she is the mother of all beings.She lives in all things and they live in her.All that she possesses is theirs, and all that they want she supplies.Her life is the same vitality that stirs all sentient beings.Chwang Tsz[FN#188] (So-shi) is right when he says: "Heaven, Earth, and I were produced together, and all things and I are one."And again: "If all things be regarded with love, Heaven and Earth are one with me."Sang Chao (So-jo) also says: "Heaven and Earth are of the same root as we.All things in the world are of one substance with Me."[FN#189]

[FN#188] Chwang Tsz, vol.i., p.20.

[FN#189] This is a favourite subject of discussion by Zenists.

6.Real Self.

If there be no individual soul either in mind or body, where does personality lie?What is Real Self?How does it differ from soul?Self is living entity, not immutable like soul, but mutable and ever-changing life, which is body when observed by senses, and which is mind when experienced by introspection.It is not an entity lying behind mind and body, but life existent as the union of body and mind.It existed in our forefathers in the past, is existing in the present, and will exist in the future generations.It also discloses itself to some measure in vegetables and animals, and shadows itself forth in inorganic nature.It is Cosmic life and Cosmic spirit, and at the same time individual life and individual spirit.It is one and the same life which embraces men and nature.It is the self-existent, creative, universal principle that moves on from eternity to eternity.As such it is called Mind or Self by Zenists.Pan Shan (Ban-zan) says: "The moon of mind comprehends all the universe in its light."A man asked Chang Sha (Cho-sha): "How can you turn the phenomenal universe into Self ?""How can you turn Self into the phenomenal universe?"returned the master.

When we get the insight into this Self, we are able to have the open sesame to the mysteries of the universe, because to know the nature of a drop of water is to know the nature of the river, the lake, and the ocean—nay, even of vapour, mist, and cloud; in other words, to get an insight into individual life is the key to the secret of Universal Life.We must not confine Self within the poor little person called body.That is the root of the poorest and most miserable egoism.We should expand that egoism into family-egoism, then into nation-egoism, then into race-egoism, then into human-egoism, then into living-being-egoism, and lastly into universe-egoism, which is not egoism at all.Thus we deny the immortality of soul as conceived by common sense, but assume immortality of the Great Soul, which animates, vitalizes, and spiritualizes all sentient beings.It is Hinayana Buddhism that first denied the existence of atman or Self so emphatically inculcated in the Upanisads, and paved the way for the general conception of Universal Self, with the eulogies of which almost every page of Mahayana books is filled.

7.The Awakening of the Innermost Wisdom.

Having set ourselves free from the misconception of Self, next we must awaken our innermost wisdom, pure and divine, called the Mind of Buddha,[FN#190] or Bodhi,[FN#191] or Prajnya[FN#192] by Zen masters.It is the divine light, the inner heaven, the key to all moral treasures, the centre of thought and consciousness, the source of all influence and power, the seat of kindness, justice, sympathy, impartial love, humanity, and mercy, the measure of all things.When this innermost wisdom is fully awakened, we are able to realize that each and everyone of us is identical in spirit, in essence, in nature with the universal life or Buddha, that each ever lives face to face with Buddha, that each is beset by the abundant grace of the Blessed One, that He arouses his moral nature, that He opens his spiritual eyes, that He unfolds his new capacity, that He appoints his mission, and that life is not an ocean of birth, disease, old age, and death, nor the vale of tears, but the holy temple of Buddha, the Pure Land,[FN#193] where be can enjoy the bliss of Nirvana.

[FN#190] Zen is often called the Sect of Buddha-mind, as it lays stress on the awakening of the Mind of Buddha.The words 'the Mind of Buddha' were taken from a passage in Lankavatara-sutra.

[FN#191] That knowledge by which one becomes enlightened.

[FN#192] Supreme wisdom.

[FN#193] Sukhavati, or the land of bliss.

Then our minds go through an entire revolution.We are no more troubled by anger and hatred, no more bitten by envy and ambition, no more stung by sorrow and chagrin, no more overwhelmed by melancholy and despair.Not that we become passionless or simply intellectual, but that we have purified passions, which, instead of troubling us, inspire us with noble aspirations, such as anger and hatred against injustice, cruelty, and dishonesty, sorrow and lamentation for human frailty, mirth and joy for the welfare of follow-beings, pity and sympathy for suffering creatures.The same change purifies our intellect.Scepticism and sophistry give way to firm conviction; criticism and hypothesis to right judgment; and inference and argument to realization.

What we merely observed before we now touch with heart as well.What we knew in relation of difference before we now understand in relation of unity as well.How things happen was our chief concern before, but now we consider as well bow much value they have.What was outside us before now comes within us.What was dead and indifferent before grows now alive and lovable to us.What was insignificant and empty before becomes now important, and has profound meaning.Wherever we go we find beauty; whomever we meet we find good; whatever we get we receive with gratitude.This is the reason why the Zenists not only regarded all their fellow-beings as their benefactors, but felt gratitude even towards fuel and water.The present writer knows a contemporary Zenist who would not drink even a cup of water without first making a salutation to it.Such an attitude of Zen toward things may well be illustrated by the following example: Sueh Fung (Sep-po) and Kin Shan (Kin-zan), once travelling through a mountainous district, saw a leaf of the rape floating down the stream.Thereon Kin Shan said: "Let us go up, dear brother, along the stream that we may find a sage living up on the mountain.I hope we shall find a good teacher in him.""No," replied Sueh Fung, "for he cannot be a sage who wastes even a leaf of the rape.He will be no good teacher for us."

8.Zen is not Nihilistic.

Zen judged from ancient Zen masters' aphorisms may seem, at the first sight, to be idealistic in an extreme form, as they say: "Mind is Buddha" or, "Buddha is Mind," or, "There is nothing outside mind," or, "Three worlds are of but one mind."And it may also appear to be nihilistic, as they say: "There has been nothing since all eternity," "By illusion you see the castle of the Three Worlds"; "by Enlightenment you see but emptiness in ten directions."[FN#194] In reality, however, Zen[FN#195] is neither idealistic nor nihilistic.Zen makes use of the nihilistic idea of Hinayana Buddhism, and calls its students' attention to the change and evanescence of life and of the world, first to destroy the error of immutation, next to dispel the attachment to the sensual objects.

[FN#194] These words were repeatedly uttered by Chinese and Japanese Zenists of all ages.Chwen Hih (Fu-dai-shi) expressed this very idea in his Sin Wang Ming (Shin-o-mei) at the time of Bodhidharma.

[FN#195] The Rin-zai teachers mostly make use of the doctrine of unreality of all things, as taught in Prajnya-paramita-sutras.We have to note that there are some differences between the Mahayana doctrine of unreality and the Hinayana doctrine of unreality.

It is a misleading tendency of our intellect to conceive things as if they were immutable and constant.It often leaves changing and concrete individual objects out of consideration, and lays stress on the general, abstract, unchanging aspect of things.It is inclined to be given to generalization and abstraction.It often looks not at this thing or at that thing, but at things in general.It loves to think not of a good thing nor of a bad thing, but of bad and good in the abstract.This intellectual tendency hardens and petrifies the living and growing world, and leads us to take the universe as a thing dead, inert, and standing still.This error of immutation can be corrected by the doctrine of Transcience taught by Hinayana Buddhism.But as medicine taken in an undue quantity turns into poison, so the doctrine of Transcience drove the Hinayanists to the suicidal conclusion of nihilism.A well-known scholar and believer of Zen, Kwei Fung (Kei-ha) says in his refutation of nihilism:[FN#196]

"If mind as well as external objects be unreal, who is it that knows they are so?Again, if there be nothing real in the universe, what is it that causes unreal objects to appear?We stand witness to the fact that there is no one of the unreal things on earth that is not made to appear by something real.If there be no water of unchanging fluidity, how can there be the unreal and temporary forms of waves?If there be no unchanging mirror, bright and clean, bow can there be the various images, unreal and temporary, reflected in it?If mind as well as external objects be nothing at all, no one can tell what it is that causes these unreal appearances.Therefore this doctrine (of the unreality of all things) can never clearly disclose spiritual Reality.So that Mahabheri-harakaparivarta-sutra says: " All the sutras that teach the unreality of things belong to the imperfect doctrine " (of the Shakya Muni).Mahaprajnya-paramita-sutra says The doctrine of unreality is the entrance-gate of Mahayana."

[FN#196] See the appendix, chap.ii., 'The Mahayana Doctrine of
Nihilism.'

9.Zen and Idealism.

Next Zen makes use of Idealism as explained by the Dharmalaksana School of Mahayana Buddhism.[FN#197] For instance, the Fourth Patriarch says: "Hundreds and thousands of laws originate with mind.Innumerable mysterious virtues proceed from the mental source."Niu Teu (Go-zu) also says: "When mind arises, various things arise; when mind ceases to exist, various things cease to exist."Tsao Shan (So-zan) carried the point so far that he cried out, on hearing the bell: "It hurts, it pains."Then an attendant of his asked "What is the matter?""It is my mind," said he, that is struck."[FN#198]

[FN#197] Appendix, chap.ii., 'The Mahayana Doctrine of
Dharmalaksana.'

[FN#198] Zen-rin-rui-shu.

We acknowledge the truth of the following considerations: There exists no colour, nor sound, nor odour in the objective world, but there are the vibrations of ether, or the undulations of the air, or the stimuli of the sensory nerves of smell.Colour is nothing but the translation of the stimuli into sensation by the optical nerves, so also sounds by the auditory, and odours by the smelling.Therefore nothing exists objectively exactly as it is perceived by the senses, but all are subjective.Take electricity, for example, it appears as light when perceived through the eye; it appears as sound when perceived through the ear; it appears as taste when perceived through the tongue; but electricity in reality is not light, nor sound, nor taste.Similarly, the mountain is not high nor low; the river is not deep nor shallow; the house is not large nor small; the day is not long nor short; but they seem so through comparison.It is not objective reality that displays the phenomenal universe before us, but it is our mind that plays an important part.Suppose that we have but one sense organ, the eye, then the whole universe should consist of colours and of colours only.If we suppose we were endowed with the sixth sense, which entirely contradicts our five senses, then the whole world would be otherwise.Besides, it is our reason that finds the law of cause and effect in the objective world, that discovered the law of uniformity in Nature, and that discloses scientific laws in the universe so as to form a cosmos.Some scholars maintain that we cannot think of non-existence of space, even if we can leave out all objects in it; nor can we doubt the existence of time, for the existence of mind itself presupposes time.Their very argument, however, proves the subjectivity of time and space, because, if they were objective, we should be able to think them non-existent, as we do with other external objects.Even space and time, therefore are no more than subjective.

10.Idealism is a Potent Medicine for Self-created Mental Disease.

In so far as Buddhist idealism refers to the world of sense, in so far as it does not assume that to to be known is identical with to be, in so far as it does not assert that the phenomenal universe is a dream and a vision, we may admit it as true.On the one hand, it serves us as a purifier of our hearts polluted with materialistic desires, and uplifts us above the plain of sensualism; on the other hand, it destroys superstitions which as a rule arise from ignorance and want of the idealistic conception of things.It is a lamentable fact that every country is full of such superstitions people as described by one of the New Thought writers: 'Tens of thousands of women in this country believe that if two people look in a mirror at the same time, or if one thanks the other for a pin, or if one gives a knife or a sharp instrument to a friend, it will break up friendship.If a young lady is presented with a thimble, she will be an old maid.Some people think that after leaving a house it is unlucky to go back after any article which has been forgotten, and, if one is obliged to do so, one should sit down in a chair before going out again; that if a broom touches a person while someone is sweeping, bad luck will follow; and that it is unlucky to change one's place at a table.A man took an opal to a New York jeweller and asked him to buy it.He said that it had brought him nothing but bad luck, that since it had come into his possession he had failed in business, that there bad been much sickness in his family, and all sorts of misfortune had befallen him.He refused to keep the cursed thing any longer.The jeweller examined the stone, and found that it was not an opal after all, but an imitation.'

Idealism is a most potent medicine for these self-created mental diseases.It will successfully drive away devils and spirits that frequent ignorant minds, just as Jesus did in the old days.Zen makes use of moral idealism to extirpate, root and branch, all such idle dreams and phantasmagoria of illusion and opens the way to Enlightenment.

11.Idealistic Scepticism concerning Objective Reality.

But extreme Idealism identifies 'to be' with 'to be known,' and assumes all phenomena to be ideas as illustrated in Mahayana-vidyamatra-siddhi-tridaca-castra[FN#199] and Vidyamatra-vincati-castra,[FN#200] by Vasubandhu.Then it necessarily parts company with Zen, which believes in Universal Life existing in everything instead of behind it.Idealism shows us its dark side in three sceptic views: (1) scepticism respecting objective reality; (2) scepticism respecting religion; (3) scepticism respecting morality.

[FN#199] A philosophical work on Buddhist idealism by Vasubandhu, translated into Chinese by Hiuen Tsang in A.D.648.There exists a famous commentary on it, compiled by Dharmapala, translated into Chinese by Hiuen Tsang in A.D.659.See Nanjo's Catalogue, Nos.1197 and 1125.

[FN#200] A simpler work on Idealism, translated into Chinese by Hiuen Tsang in A.D.661.See Nanjo's Catalogue, Nos.1238, 1239, and 1240.

First it assumes that things exist in so far as they are known by us.It is as a matter of course that if a tree exists at all, it is known as having a trunk long or short, branches large or small, leaves green or yellow, flowers yellow or purple, etc., all of which are ideas.But it does not imply in the least that 'to be known' is equivalent to 'to be existent.'Rather we should say that to be known presupposes to be existent, for we cannot know anything non-existent, even if we admit that the axioms of logic subsist.Again, a tree may stand as ideas to a knower, but it can stand at the same time as a shelter in relation to some birds, as food in relation to some insects, as a world in relation to some minute worms, as a kindred organism to other vegetables.How could you say that its relation to a knower is the only and fundamental relation for the existence of the tree?The disappearance of its knower no more affects the tree than of its feeder; nor the appearance of its knower affects the tree any more than that of kindred vegetables.

Extreme idealism erroneously concludes that what is really existent, or what is directly proved to be existent, is only our sensations, ideas, thoughts; that the external world is nothing but the images reflected on the mirror of the mind, and that therefore objective reality of things is doubtful-nay, more, they are unreal, illusory, and dreams. If so, we can no longer distinguish the real from the visionary; the waking from the dreaming; the sane from the insane; the true from the untrue.Whether life is real or an empty dream, we are at a loss to understand.

12.Idealistic Scepticism concerning Religion and Morality.

Similarly, it is the case with religion and morality.If we admit extreme idealism as true, there can be nothing objectively real.God is little more than a mental image.He must be a creature of mind instead of a Creator.He has no objective reality.He is when we think He is.He is not when we think He is not.He is at the mercy of our thought.How much more unreal the world must be, which is supposed to have been created by an unreal God!Providence, salvation, and divine grace—what are they?A bare dream dreamed in a dream!

What is morality, then?It is subjective.It has no objective validity.A moral conduct highly valued by our fathers is now held to be immoral by us.Immoral acts now strongly denounced by us may be regarded as moral by our posterity.Good deeds of the savage are not necessarily good in the eyes of the civilized, nor evil acts of the Orientals are necessarily evil before the face of the Occidentals.It follows, then, that there is no definite standard of morality in any place at any time.

If morality be merely subjective, and there be no objective standard, how can you distinguish evil from good?How can you single out angels from among devils?Was not Socrates a criminal?Was not Jesus also a criminal?How could you know Him to be a Divine man different from other criminals who were crucified with Him?What you honour may I not denounce as disgrace?What you hold as duty may I not condemn as sin?Every form of idealism is doomed, after all, to end in such confusion and scepticism.We cannot embrace radical idealism, which holds these threefold sceptical views in her womb.

13.An Illusion concerning Appearance and Reality.

To get Enlightened we must next dispel an illusion respecting appearance and reality.According.to certain religionists, all the phenomena of the universe are to succumb to change.Worldly things one and all are evanescent.They are nought in the long run.Snowcapped mountains may sink into the bottom of the deep, while the sands in the fathomless ocean may soar into the azure sky at some time or other.Blooming flowers are destined to fade and to bloom again in the next year.So destined are growing trees, rising generations, prospering nations, glowing suns, moons, and stars.This, they would say, is only the case with phenomena or appearances, but not with reality.Growth and decay, birth and death, rise and fall, all these are the ebb and flow of appearances in the ocean of reality, which is always the same.Flowers may fade and be reduced to dust, yet out of that dust come flowers.Trees may die out, yet they are reproduced somewhere else.The time may come when the earth will become a dead sphere quite unsuitable for human habitation, and the whole of mankind will perish; yet who knows that whether another earth may not be produced as man's home?The sun might have its beginning and end, stars, moons, theirs as well; yet an infinite universe would have no beginning nor end.

Again, they say, mutation is of the world of sense or phenomenal appearances, but not of reality.The former are the phases of the latter shown to our senses.Accordingly they are always limited and modified by our senses, just as images are always limited and modified by the mirror in which they are reflected.On this account appearances are subject to limitations, while reality is limitless.And it follows that the former are imperfect, while the latter is perfect; that the former is transient, while the latter is eternal; that the former is relative, while the latter is absolute; that the former is worldly, while the latter is holy; that the former is knowable, while the latter is unknowable.

These considerations naturally lead us to an assertion that the world of appearances is valueless, as it is limited, short-lived, imperfect, painful, sinful, hopeless, and miserable; while the realm of reality is to be aspired for, as it is eternal, perfect, comfortable, full of hope, joy, and peace-hence the eternal divorce of appearance and reality.Such a view of life tends to make one minimize the value of man, to neglect the present existence, and to yearn after the future.

Some religionists tell us that we men are helpless, sinful, hopeless, and miserable creatures.Worldly riches, temporal honours, and social positions-nay, even sublimities and beauties of the present existence, are to be ignored and despised.We have no need of caring for those things that pass away in a twinkling moment.We must prepare for the future life which is eternal.We must accumulate wealth for that existence.We must endeavour to hold rank in it.We must aspire for the sublimity and beauty and glory of that realm.

14.Where does the Root of the Illusion Lie?

Now let us examine where illusion lies hidden from the view of these religionists.It lies deeply rooted in the misconstruction of reality, grows up into the illusive ideas of appearances, and throws its dark shadow on life.The most fundamental error lies in their construing reality as something unknowable existing behind appearances.

According to their opinion, all that we know, or perceive, or feel, or imagine about the world, is appearances or phenomena, but not reality itself.Appearances are 'things known as,' but not 'things as they are.'Thing-in-itself, or reality, lies behind appearances permanently beyond our ken.This is probably the most profound metaphysical pit into which philosophical minds have ever fallen in their way of speculation.Things appear, they would say, as we see them through our limited senses; but they must present entirely different aspects to those that differ from ours, just as the vibration of ether appears to us as colours, yet it presents quite different aspects to the colour-blind or to the purblind.The phenomenal universe is what appears to the human mind, and in case our mental constitution undergoes change, it would be completely otherwise.

This argument, however, is far from proving that the reality is unknowable, or that it lies hidden behind appearances or presentations.Take, for instance, a reality which appears as a ray of the sun.When it goes through a pane of glass it appears to be colourless, but it exhibits a beautiful spectrum when it passes through a prism.Therefore you assume that a reality appearing as the rays of the sun is neither colourless nor coloured in itself, since these appearances are wholly due to the difference that obtains between the pane of glass and the prism.

We contend, however, that the fact does not prove the existence of the reality named the sun's ray beyond or behind the white light, nor its existence beyond or behind the spectrum.It is evident that the reality exists in white light, and that it is known as the white light when it goes through a pane of glass; and that the same reality exists in the spectrum, and is known as the spectrum when it goes through the prism.The reality is known as the white light on the one hand, and as the spectrum on the other.It is not unknowable, but knowable.

Suppose that one and the same reality exhibits one aspect when it stands in relation to another object; two aspects when it stands in relation in two different objects; three aspects when it stands in relation to three different objects.The reality of one aspect never proves the unreality of another aspect, for all these three aspects can be equally real.A tree appears to us as a vegetable; it appears to some birds as a shelter; and it appears to some worms as a food.The reality of its aspect as a vegetable never proves the unreality of its aspect as food, nor the reality of its aspect as food disproves the reality of its aspect as shelter.The real tree does not exist beyond or behind the vegetable.We can rely upon its reality, and make use of it to a fruitful result.At the same time, the birds can rely on its reality as a shelter, and build their nests in it; the worms, too, can rely on its reality as food, and eat it-to their satisfaction.A reality which appears to me as my wife must appear to my son as his mother, and never as his wife.But the same real woman is in the wife and in the mother; neither is unreal.

15.Thing-in-Itself means Thing-Knowerless.

How, then, did philosophers come to consider reality to be unknowable and hidden behind or beyond appearances?They investigated all the possible presentations in different relationships, and put them all aside as appearances, and brooded on the thing-in-itself, shut out from all possible relationship, and declared it unknowable.Thing-in-itself means thing cut off from all possible relationships.To, put it in another way: thing-in-itself means thing deprived of its relation to its knower—that is to say, thing-knower-less.So that to declare thing-in-itself unknowable is as much as to declare thing-unknowable unknowable; there is no doubt about it, but what does it prove?

Deprive yourself of all the possible relationships, and see what you are.Suppose you are not a son to your parents, nor the husband to your wife, nor the father to your children, nor a relative to your kindred, nor a friend to your acquaintances, nor a teacher to your students, nor a citizen to your country, nor an individual member to your society, nor a creature to your God, then you get you-in-yourself.Now ask yourself what is you-in-yourself?You can never answer the question.It is unknowable, just because it is cut off from all knowable relations.Can you thus prove that you-in-yourself exist beyond or behind you?

In like manner our universe appears to us human beings as the phenomenal world or presentation.It might appear to other creatures of a different mental constitution as something else.We cannot ascertain how it might seem to Devas, to Asuras, to angels, and to the Almighty, if there be such beings.However different it might seem to these beings, it does not imply that the phenomenal world is unreal, nor that the realm of reality is unknowable.

'Water,' the Indian tradition has it, 'seems to man as a drink, as emerald to Devas, as bloody pus to Pretas, as houses to fishes.'Water is not a whit less real because of its seeming as houses to fishes, and fishes' houses are not less real because of its seeming as emerald to Devas.There is nothing that proves the unreality of it.It is a gross illusion to conceive reality as transcendental to appearances.Reality exists as appearances, and appearances are reality known to human beings.You cannot separate appearances from reality, and hold out the latter as the object of aspiration at the cost of the former.You must acknowledge that the so-called realm of reality which you aspire after, and which you seek for outside or behind the phenomenal universe, exists here on earth.Let Zen teachers tell you that "the world of birth and death is the realm of Nirvana"; "the earth is the pure land of Buddha."

16.The Four Alternatives and the Five Categories.

There are, according to Zen, the four classes of religious and philosophical views, technically called the Four Alternatives,[FN#201] of life and of the world.The first is 'the deprivation of subject and the non-deprivation of object' that is to say, the denial of subject, or mind, or Atman, or soul, and the non-denial of object, or matter, or things—a view which denies the reality of mind and asserts the existence of things.Such a view was held by a certain school of Hinayanism, called Sarvastivada, and still is held by some philosophers called materialists or naturalists.The second is the 'deprivation of object and the non-deprivation of subject'—that is to say, the denial of object, or matter, or things, and the non-denial of subject, or mind, or spirit-a view which denies the reality of material object, and asserts the existence of spirit or ideas.Such a view was held by the Dharmalaksana School of Mahayanism, and is still held by some philosophers called idealists.The third is 'the deprivation of both subject and object'—that is to say, the denial of both subject or spirit, and of object or matter-a view which denies the reality of both physical and mental phenomena, and asserts the existence of reality that transcends the phenomenal universe.Such a view was held by the Madhyamika School of Mahayanism, and is still held by some religionists and philosophers of the present day.The fourth is 'the non-deprivation of both subject and object'—that is to say, the non-denial of subject and object—a view which holds mind and body as one and the same reality.Mind, according to this view, is reality experienced inwardly by introspection, and body is the selfsame reality observed outwardly by senses.They are one reality and one life.There also exist other persons and other beings belonging to the same life and reality; consequently all things share in one reality, and life in common with each other.This reality or life is not transcendental to mind and body, or to spirit and matter, but is the unity of them.In other words, this phenomenal world of ours is the realm of reality.This view was held by the Avatamsaka School of Mahayanism, and is still held by Zenists.Thus Zen is not materialistic, nor idealistic, nor nihilistic, but realistic and monistic in its view of the world.

[FN#201] Shi-rya-ken in Japanese, the classification mostly made use of by masters of the Rin Zai School of Zen.For the details, see Ki-gai-kwan, by K.Watanabe.

There are some scholars that erroneously maintain that Zen is based on the doctrine of unreality of all things expounded by Kumarajiva and his followers.Ko-ben,[FN#202] known as Myo-ye Sho-nin, said 600 years ago: "Yang Shan (Kyo-zan) asked Wei Shan (I-san): 'What shall we do when hundreds, thousands, and millions of things beset us all at once?''The blue are not the yellow,' replied Wei Shan, 'the long are not the short.Everything is in its own place.It has no business with you.'Wei Shan was a great Zen master.He did not teach the unreality of all things.Who can say that Zen is nihilistic?"

[FN#202] A well-known scholar (1173-1232) of the Anatamsaka School of Mahayanism.

Besides the Four Alternatives, Zen uses the Five Categories[FN#203] in order to explain the relation between reality and phenomena.The first is 'Relativity in Absolute,' which means that the universe appears to be consisting in relativities, owing to our relative knowledge; but these relativities are based on absolute reality.The second is 'Absolute in Relativity,' which means Absolute Reality does not remain inactive, but manifests itself as relative phenomena.The third is 'Relativity out of Absolute,' which means Absolute Reality is all in all, and relative phenomena come out of it as its secondary and subordinate forms. The fourth is 'Absolute up to Relativity,' which means relative phenomena always play an important part on the stage of the world; it is through these phenomena that Absolute Reality comes to be understood.The fifth is the 'Union of both Absolute and Relativity,' which means Absolute Reality is not fundamental or essential to relative phenomena, nor relative phenomena subordinate or secondary to Absolute Reality—that is to say, they are one and the same cosmic life, Absolute Reality being that life experienced inwardly by intuition, while relative phenomena are the same life outwardly observed by senses.The first four Categories are taught to prepare the student's mind for the acceptance of the last one, which reveals the most profound truth.

[FN#203] Go-i in Japanese, mostly used by the So-To School of Zen.
The detailed explanation is given in Go-i-ken-ketsu.

17.Personalism of B.P.Bowne.

B.P.Bowne[FN#204] says: They (phenomena) are not phantoms or illusions, nor are they masks of a back-lying reality which is trying to peer through them.""The antithesis," he continues,[FN#205] "of phenomena and noumena rests on the fancy that there is something that rests behind phenomena which we ought to perceive but cannot, because the masking phenomena thrusts itself between the reality and us."Just so far we agree with Bowne, but we think he is mistaken in sharply distinguishing between body and self, saying:[FN#206] "We ourselves are invisible.The physical organism is only an instrument for expressing and manifesting the inner life, but the living self is never seen.""Human form," he argues,[FN#207] "as an object in space apart from our experience of it as the instrument and expression of personal life, would have little beauty or attraction; and when it is described in anatomical terms, there is nothing in it that we should desire it.The secret of its beauty and its value lies in the invisible realm.""The same is true," he says again, "of literature.It does not exist in space, or in time, or in books, or in libraries . . .all that could be found there would be black marks on a white paper, and collections of these bound together in various forms, which would be all the eyes could see.But this would not be literature, for literature has its existence only in mind and for mind as an expression of mind, and it is simply impossible and meaningless in abstraction from mind.""Our human history"—he gives another illustration[FN#208]—"never existed in space, and never could so exist.If some visitor from Mars should come to the earth and look at all that goes on in space in connection with human beings, he would never get any hint of its real significance.He would be confined to integrations and dissipations of matter and motion.He could describe the masses and grouping of material things, but in all this be would get no suggestion of the inner life which gives significance to it all.As conceivably a bird might sit on a telegraph instrument and become fully aware of the clicks of the machine without any suspicion of the existence or meaning of the message, or a dog could see all that eye can see in a book yet without any hint of its meaning, or a savage could gaze at the printed score of an opera without ever suspecting its musical import, so this supposed visitor would be absolutely cut off by an impassable gulf from the real seat and significance of human history.The great drama of life, with its likes and dislikes, its loves and hates, its ambitions and strivings, and manifold ideas, inspirations, aspirations, is absolutely foreign to space, and could never in any way be discovered in space.So human history has its seat in the invisible."

[FN#204] 'Personalism,' p.94.

[FN#205] Ibid., p.95.

[FN#206] Ibid., p.268.

[FN#207] Ibid., p.271.

[FN#208] 'Personalism,' pp.272, 273.

In the first place, Bowne's conception of the physical organism as but an instrument for the expression of the inner, personal life, just as the telegraphic apparatus is the instrument for the expression of messages, is erroneous, because body is not a mere instrument of inner personal life, but an essential constituent of it.Who can deny that one's physical conditions determine one's character or personality?Who can overlook the fact that one's bodily conditions positively act upon one's personal life?There is no physical organism which remains as a mere passive mechanical instrument of inner life within the world of experience.Moreover, individuality, or personality, or self, or inner life, whatever you may call it, conceived as absolutely independent of physical condition, is sheer abstraction.There is no such concrete personality or individuality within our experience.

In the second place, he conceives the physical organism simply as a mark or symbol, and inner personal life as the thing marked or symbolized; so he compares physical forms with paper, types, books, and libraries, and inner life, with literature.In so doing he overlooks the essential and inseparable connection between the physical organism and inner life, because there is no essential inseparable connection between a mark or symbol and the thing marked or symbolized.The thing may adopt any other mark or symbol.The black marks on the white paper, to use his figure, are not essential to literature.Literature may be expressed by singing, or by speech, or by a series of pictures.But is there inner life expressed, or possible to be expressed, in any other form save physical organism?We must therefore acknowledge that inner life is identical with physical organism, and that reality is one and the same as appearance.

18.All the Worlds in Ten Directions are Buddha's Holy Land.

We are to resume this problem in the following chapter.Suffice it to say for the present it is the law of Universal Life that manifoldness is in unity, and unity is in manifoldness; difference is in agreement, and agreement in difference; confliction is in harmony, and harmony in confliction; parts are in the whole, and the whole is in parts; constancy is in change, and change in constancy; good is in bad, and bad in good; integration is in disintegration, and disintegration is in integration; peace is in disturbance, and disturbance in peace.We can find something celestial among the earthly.We can notice something glorious in the midst of the base and degenerated.

'There are nettles everywhere, but are not smooth, green grasses more common still?'Can you recognize something awe-inspiring in the rise and fall of nations?Can you not recognize something undisturbed and peaceful among disturbance and trouble?Has not even grass some meaning?Does not even a stone tell the mystery of Life?Does not the immutable law of good sway over human affairs after all, as Tennyson says-

"I can but trust that good shall fall
At last-far off-at last, to all."

Has not each of us a light within him, whatever degrees of lustre there may be?Was Washington in the wrong when he said: "Labour to keep alive in your heart that little spark of celestial fire called conscience."

We are sure that we can realize the celestial bliss in this very world, if we keep alive the Enlightened Consciousness, of which Bodhidharma and his followers showed the example.'All the worlds in ten directions are Buddha's Holy Lands!'That Land of Bliss and Glory exists above us, under us, around us, within us, without us, if we open our eyes to see.'Nirvana is in life itself,' if we enjoy it with admiration and love."Life and death are the life of Buddha," says Do-gen.Everywhere the Elysian gates stand open, if we do not shut them up by ourselves.Shall we starve ourselves refusing to accept the rich bounty which the Blessed Life offers to us?Shall we perish in the darkness of scepticism, shutting our eyes to the light of Tathagata?Shall we suffer from innumerable pains in the self-created hell where remorse, jealousy, and hatred feed the fire of anger?Let us pray to Buddha, not in word only, but in the deed of generosity and tolerance, in the character noble and loving, and in the personality sublime and good.Let us pray to Buddha to save us from the hell of greed and folly, to deliver us from the thraldom of temptation.Let us 'enter the Holy of Holies in admiration and wonder.'