Latin for Beginners

LESSON XIV

THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS

97. Observe the sentences

This is my shield This shield is mine

In the first sentence my is a possessive adjective; in the second mine is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, this shield is mine being equivalent to this shield is my shield. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes adjectives and sometimes pronouns

98. The possessives my, mine, your, yours, etc. are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions.

	Singular
1st Pers.	meus, mea, meum	my, mine
2d Pers.	tuus, tua, tuum	your, yours
3d Pers.	suus, sua, suum	his (own), her (own), its (own)
	Plural
1st Pers.	noster, nostra, nostrum	our, ours
2d Pers.	vester, vestra, vestrum	your, yours
3d Pers.	suus, sua, suum	their (own), theirs

Note. Meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine mī, as mī fīlī, O my son

a. The possessives agree with the name of the thing possessed in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in

Sextus is calling his boy Julia is calling her boy

Sextus Iūlia

suum puerum vocat

Observe that suum agrees with puerum, and is unaffected by the gender of Sextus or Julia.

b. When your, yours, refers to one person, use tuus; when to more than one, vester; as,

Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty Girls, your wreaths are pretty

Corōnae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae Corōnae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae

c. Suus is a reflexive possessive, that is, it usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the subject. Thus, Vir suōs servōs vocat means The man calls his (own) slaves. Here his (suōs) refers to man (vir), and could not refer to any one else.

d. Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. § 22. a.) This is especially true of suus, -a, -um, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our his own, her own, etc.

99. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p.286.

I.1.Mārcus amīcō Sextō cōnsilium suum nūntiat 2.Est cōpia frūmentī in agrīs nostrīs.3.Amīcī meī bonam cēnam ancillae vestrae laudant 4.Tua lōrīca, mī fīlī, est dūra.5.Scūta nostra et tēla, mī amīce, in castrls Rōmānīs sunt.6.Suntne virī patriae tuae līberī?Sunt.7.Ubi, Cornēlī, est tua galea pulchra?8.Mea galea, Sexte, est in casā meā.9.Pīlum longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus.10.Iūlia gallīnās suās pulchrās amat et gallīnae dominam suam amant.11.Nostra castra sunt vestra.12.Est cōpia praedae in castrīs vestrīs.13.Amīcī tuī miserīs et aegrīs cibum et pecūniam saepe dant.

II.1.Our teacher praises Mark’s industry.2.My son Sextus is carrying his booty to the Roman camp.1 3. Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.2 4. There are 3 frequent battles in our villages. 5. My son, where is the lieutenant’s food? 6. The camp is mine, but the weapons are yours.

AGRICOLA ARAT

LESSON XV

THE ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH

100. Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (§ 50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition with. This little word is not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by cumThis will become clear from the following sentences:

a. Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food b. Diana kills the beasts with (or by) her arrows c. Julia is with Sextus d. The men fight with great steadiness

a. In sentence a, with want (of food) gives the cause of Mark’s feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of cause:

Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī

b. In sentence b, with (or by) her arrows tells by means of what Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of means:

Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat

c. In sentence c we are told that Julia is not alone, but in company with Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition cum, and the construction is called the ablative of accompaniment:

Iūlia est cum Sextō

d. In sentence d we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of manner. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with cum, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case cum may be omitted. This construction is called the ablative of manner:

Virī (cum) cōnstantiā magnā pugnant

101. You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting with:

102. Rule. Ablative of Cause. Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition.This answers the question Because of what?

103. Rule. Ablative of Means. Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition.This answers the question By means of what?With what?

N. B. Cum must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means.

104. Rule. Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cumThis answers the question With whom?

105. Rule. Ablative of Manner. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?

106. What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer?

The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets.The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (or by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore.

107. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p.286.

I. The Romans prepare for War. Rōmānī, clārus Italiae populus, bellum parant. Ex agrīs suīs, vicīs, oppidīsque magnō studiō virī validī ad arma properant. Iam lēgatī cum legiōnariīs ex Italiā ad Rhēnum, fluvium Germāniae altum et lātum, properant, et servī equīs et carrīs cibum frūmentumque ad castra Rōmāna portant. Inopiā bonōrum tēlōrum īnfirmī sunt Germānī, sed Rōmānī armāti galeīs, lōrīcīs, scūtīs, gladiīs, pīlīsque sunt validī.

II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears. 4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galba’s cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.

LESSON XVI

THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

108. There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders:

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Gen.	-īus	-īus	-īus
Dat.	-ī	-ī	-ī

Otherwise they are declined like bonus, -a, -umLearn the list and the meaning of each:

alius, alia, aliud, other, another (of several) alter, altera, alterum, the one, the other (of two) ūnus, -a, -um, one, alone; (in the plural) only ūllus, -a, -um, any nūllus, -a, -um, none, no sōlus, -a, -um, alone tōtus, -a, -um, all, whole, entire uter, utra, utrum, which? (of two) neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither (of two)

109. PARADIGMS

	Singular
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	nūllus	nūlla	nūllum	alius	alia	aliud
Gen.	nūllī´us	nūllī´us	nūllī´us	alī´us	alī´us	alī´us
Dat.	nūllī	nūllī	nūllī	aliī	aliī	aliī
Acc.	nūllum	nūllam	nūllum	alium	aliam	aliud
Abl.	nūllō	nūllā	nūllō	aliō	aliā	aliō
	The Plural is Regular

a. Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of alius. The genitive alīus is rare. Instead of it use alterīus, the genitive of alter

b. These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pronouns (see § 114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the pronominal adjectives

110. Learn the following idioms:

alter, -era, -erum ... alter, -era, -erum, the one ...the other (of two) alius, -a, -ud ... alius, -a, -ud, one ... another (of any number) aliī, -ae, -a ... aliī, -ae, -a, some ...others

EXAMPLES

1. Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum, the one town is large, the other small (of two towns).

2. Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum, one town is strong, another weak (of towns in general).

3. Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant, some carry swords, others shields.

111. EXERCISES

I.1.In utrā casā est Iūlia?Iūlia est in neutrā casā.2.Nūllī malō puerō praemium dat magister.3.Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola.4.Aliī virī aquam, aliī terram amant.5.Galba ūnus (or sōlus) cum studiō labōrat. 6. Estne ūllus carrus in agrō meō? 7. Lesbia est ancilla alterīus dominī, Tullia alterīus. 8. Lesbia sōla cēnam parat. 9. Cēna nūllīus alterīus ancillae est bona. 10. Lesbia nūllī aliī virō cēnam dat.

Note. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before and not after their nouns.

II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses. 4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. weak because of) lack of food.6.The people are already hastening to the other town.7.Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.

LESSON XVII

THE DEMONSTRATIVE IS, EA, ID

112. A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as this, that, these, those. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, Do you hear these? and sometimes adjectives, as, Do you hear these men? In the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns, in the latter demonstrative adjectives

113. Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as pronouns and as adjectivesThe one used most is

is, masculine; ea, feminine; id, neuter

Singular

this that

Plural

these those

114. Is is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of alius, § 109

Base e-
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	is	ea	id	eī (or iī)	eae	ea
Gen.	eius	eius	eius	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dat.	eī	eī	eī	eīs (or iīs)	eīs (or iīs)	eīs (or iīs)
Acc.	eum	eam	id	eōs	eās	ea
Abl.	eō	eā	eō	eīs (or iīs)	eīs (or iīs)	eīs (or iīs)

Note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases. The genitive singular eius is pronounced eh´yus. In the plural the forms with two i’s are preferred and the two i’s are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce iī as ī and iīs as īs

115. Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he, she, it. As a personal pronoun, then, is would have the following meanings:

Sing.	Nom.	is, he; ea, she; id, it
	Gen.	eius, of him or his; eius, of her, her, or hers; eius, of it or its
	Dat.	eī, to or for him; eī, to or for her; eī, to or for it
	Acc.	eum, him; eam, her; id, it
	Abl.	eō, with, from, etc., him; eā, with, from, etc., her; eō, with, from, etc., it
Plur.	Nom.	eī or iī, eae, ea, they
	Gen.	eōrum, eārum, eōrum, of them, their
	Dat.	eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, to or for them
	Acc.	eōs, eās, ea, them
	Abl.	eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, with, from, etc., them

116. Comparison between suus and is We learned above (§ 98.  c) that suus is a reflexive possessive. When his, her (poss.) , its, their, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express his, her, its by eius, the genitive singular of is, ea, id; and their by the genitive plural, using eōrum to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and eārum to refer to a feminine one.

EXAMPLES

Galba calls his (own) son, Galba suum fīlium vocat Galba calls his son (not his own, but another’s), Galba eius fīlium vocat Julia calls her (own) children, Iūlia suōs līberōs vocat Julia calls her children (not her own, but another’s), Iūlia eius līberōs vocat The men praise their (own) boys, virī suōs puerōs laudant The men praise their boys (not their own, but others’), virī eōrum puerōs laudant

117. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p.287.

1.He praises her, him, it, them.2.This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes.3.That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans.

4. The other woman is calling her chickens (her own).5.Another woman is calling her chickens (not her own). 6. The Gaul praises his arms (his own).7.The Gaul praises his arms (not his own).8.This farmer often plows their fields.9.Those wretched slaves long for their master (their own).10.Those wretched slaves long for their master (not their own).11.Free men love their own fatherland.12.They love its villages and towns.

118. DIALOGUE1

Cornelius and Marcus

M. Quis est vir, Cornēlī, cum puerō parvō? Estne Rōmānus et līber?
C. Rōmānus nōn est, Mārce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in silvīs Galliae.
M. Estne puer fīlius eius servī an alterīus?
C. Neutrīus fīlius est puer. Is est fīlius lēgātī Sextī.
M. Quō puer cum eō servō properat?
C. Is cum servō properat ad lātōs Sextī agrōs.2 Tōtum frūmentum est iam mātūrum et magnus servōrum numerus in Italiae3 agrīs labōrat.
M. Agricolaene sunt Gallī et patriae suae agrōs arant?
C. Nōn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gallī, nōn agrī cultūram. Apud eōs virī pugnant et fēminae auxiliō līberōrum agrōs arant parantque cibum.
M. Magister noster puerīs puellīsque grātās Gallōrum fābulās saepe nārrat et laudat eōs saepe.
C. Mala est fortūna eōrum et saepe miserī servī multīs cum lacrimīs patriam suam dēsīderant.

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Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, §§ 506-509

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LESSON XVIII

CONJUGATION

THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE TENSES OF SUM

119. The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation (cf. § 23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as, I am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in tense, mood, voice, person, and number

120. The Tenses. The different forms of a verb referring to different times are called its tensesThe chief distinctions of time are present, past, and future:

1. The present, that is, what is happening now, or what usually happens, is expressed by	the Present Tense
2. The past, that is, what was happening, used to happen, happened, has happened, or had happened, is expressed by	the Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect Tenses
3. The future, that is, what is going to happen, is expressed by	the Future and Future Perfect Tenses

121. The Moods. Verbs have inflection of mood to indicate the manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive

a. A verb is in the indicative mood when it makes a statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative.

122. The Persons. There are three persons, as in English. The first person is the person speaking (I sing); the second person the person spoken to (you sing); the third person the person spoken of (he sings). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal endings (cf. § 22 a; 29). We have already learned that -t is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows:

	Singular		Plural
1st Pers.	I	-m or -ō	we	-mus
2d Pers.	thou or you	-s	you	-tis
3d Pers.	he, she, it	-t	they	-nt

123. Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called regular verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called irregular. The verb to be is irregular in Latin as in English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows:

Present Indicative
	SINGULAR	PLURAL
1st Pers.	su-m, I am	su-mus, we are
2d Pers.	e-s, you1 are	es-tis, you1 are
3d Pers.	es-t, he, she, or it is	su-nt, they are
Imperfect Indicative
1st Pers.	er-a-m, I was	er-ā´-mus, we were
2d Pers.	er-ā-s, you were	er-ā´-tis, you were
3d Pers.	er-a-t, he, she, or it was	er-a-nt, they were
Future Indicative
1st Pers.	er-ō, I shall be	er´-i-mus, we shall be
2d Pers.	er-i-s, you will be	er´-i-tis, you will be
3d Pers.	er-i-t, he will be	er-u-nt, they will be

a. Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and consult §§ 12.2; 14; 15

124. DIALOGUE

The Boys Sextus and Marcus

First learn the special vocabulary, p.287.

S. Ubi es, Mārce? Ubi est Quīntus? Ubi estis, amīcī?
M. Cum Quīntō, Sexte, in silvā sum. Nōn sōlī sumus; sunt in silvā multī aliī puerī.
S. Nunc laetus es, sed nūper nōn laetus erās. Cūr miser erās?
M. Miser eram quia amīcī meī erant in aliō vicō et eram sōlus. Nunc sum apud sociōs meōs. Nunc laetī sumus et erimus.
S. Erātisne in lūdo hodiē?
M. Hodiē nōn erāmus in lūdō, quod magister erat aeger.
S. Eritisne mox in lūdō?
M. Amīcī meī ibi erunt, sed ego (I) nōn erō.
S. Cūr nōn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irātus, inopiam tuam studī dīligentiaeque nōn laudat.
M. Nūper aeger eram et nunc īnfīrmus sum.

125. EXERCISE

1.You are, you were, you will be, (sing.and plur.).2.I am, I was, I shall be.3.He is, he was, he will be.4.We are, we were, we shall be.5.They are, they were, they will be.

6.Why were you not in school to-day?I was sick.7.Lately he was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher.8.To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched.9.The teachers were happy because of the boys’ industry.

PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO

LESSON XIX

THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS · PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

126. There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.1 This vowel is called the distinguishing vowel, and is best seen in the present infinitive.

Below is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation, the present stem, and the distinguishing vowel.

Conjugation	Pres.Infin.	Pres.Stem	DISTINGUISHING VOWEL
I.	amā´re, to love	amā-	ā
II.	monē´re, to advise	monē-	ē
III.	re´gĕre, to rule	regĕ-	ĕ
IV.	audī´re, to hear	audi-	ī

a. Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive.

Note. The present infinitive of sum is esse, and es- is the present stem.

127. From the present stem are formed the present, imperfect, and future tenses.

128. The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows:

	a´mō, amā´re (love)	mo´neō, monē´re (advise)
	Pres.Stem amā-	Pres.Stem monē-	PERSONAL ENDINGS
Sing.	1.a´mō, I love	mo´neō, I advise	-ō
	2.a´mās, you love	mo´nēs, you advise	-s
	3.a´mat, he (she, it) loves	mo´net, he (she, it) advises	-t
Plur.	1.amā´mus, we love	monē´mus, we advise	-mus
	2.amā´tis, you love	monē´tis, you advise	-tis
	3.a´mant, they love	mo´nent, they advise	-nt

1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses -o and not -m. The form amō is for amā-ō, the two vowels ā-ō contracting to ō. In moneō there is no contraction. Nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation.

2.Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel (monē-ō = mo´nĕō), and before final -t (amăt, monĕt) and -nt (amănt, monĕnt). Compare § 12.2

129. Like amō and moneō inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs2:

Indicative Present	Infinitive Present
a´rō, I plow	arā´re, to plow
cū´rō, I care for	cūrā´re, to care for
*dē´leō, I destroy	dēlē´re, to destroy
dēsī´derō, I long for	dēsīderā´re, to long for
dō,3 I give	da´re, to give
*ha´beō, I have	habē´re, to have
ha´bitō, I live, I dwell	habitā´re, to live, to dwell
*iu´beō, I order	iubē´re, to order
labō´rō, I labor	labōrā´re, to labor
lau´dō, I praise	laudā´re, to praise
mātū´rō, I hasten	mātūrā´re, to hasten
*mo´veō, I move	movē´re, to move
nār´rō, I tell	nārrā´re, to tell
ne´cō, I kill	necā´re, to kill
nūn´tiō, I announce	nūntiā´re, to announce
pa´rō, I prepare	parā´re, to prepare
por´tō, I carry	portā´re, to carry
pro´perō, I hasten	properā´re, to hasten
pug´nō, I fight	pugnā´re, to fight
*vi´deō, I see	vidē´re, to see
vo´cō, I call	vocā´re, to call

130. The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, I live, I am living, or I do live. In Latin the one expression habitō covers all three of these expressions.

131. EXERCISES

Give the voice, mood, tense, person, and number of each form.

I.1.Vocāmus, properātis, iubent.2.Movētis, laudās, vidēs.3.Dēlētis, habētis, dant.4.Mātūrās, dēsīderat, vidēmus.5.Iubet, movent, necat.6.Nārrāmus, movēs, vident.7.Labōrātis, properant, portās, parant.8.Dēlet, habētis, iubēmus, dās.

N. B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.

II.1.We plow, we are plowing, we do plow.2.They care for, they are caring for, they do care for.3.You give, you are having, you do have (sing.)4.We destroy, I do long for, they are living.5.He calls, they see, we are telling.6.We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares.7.They are laboring, we kill, you announce.

LESSON XX

IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

132. Tense Signs. Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like was, shall, will, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. These are called tense signs

133. Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect. The tense sign of the imperfect is -bā-, which is added to the present stem.The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:

Present Stem	Tense Sign	PERSONAL ENDING
amā-	ba-	m
loving	was	I

The inflection is as follows:

Conjugation I	Conjugation II
SINGULAR		PERSONAL ENDINGS
1.amā´bam, I was loving	monē´bam, I was advising	-m
2.amā´bās, you were loving	monē´bās, you were advising	-s
3.amā´bat, he was loving	monē´bat, he was advising	-t
PLURAL
1.amābā´mus, we were loving	monēbā´mus, we were advising	-mus
2.amābā´tis, you were loving	monēbā´tis, you were advising	-tis
3.amā´bant, they were loving	monē´bant, they were advising	-nt

a. Note that the ā of the tense sign -bā- is shortened before -nt, and before m and t when final. (Cf. § 12.2.)

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in § 129

134. Meaning of the Imperfect. The Latin imperfect describes an act as going on or progressing in past time, like the English past-progressive tense (as, I was walking).It is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.

135. EXERCISES

I.1.Vidēbāmus, dēsīderābat, mātūrābās.2.Dabant, vocābātis, dēlēbāmus.3.Pugnant, laudābās, movēbātis.4.Iubēbant, properābātis, portābāmus.5.Dabās, nārrābant, labōrābātis.6.Vidēbant, movēbās, nūntiābāmus.7.Necābat, movēbam, habēbat, parābātis.

II.1.You were having (sing.and plur.), we were killing, they were laboring.2.He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting.3.We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling.4.They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying.5.You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (sing.and plur.).6.They were caring for, he was plowing, we were praising.

136. Ni´obe and her Children

First learn the special vocabulary, p.287.

Niobē, rēgina Thēbānōrum, erat pulchra fēmina sed superba.Erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā1 suā marītīque potentiā1 sed etiam magnō līberōrum numerō.1 Nam habēbat2 septem fīliōs et septem fīliās. Sed ea superbia erat rēgīnae3 causa magnae trīstitiae et līberīs3 causa dūrae poenae.

Note. The words Niobē, Thēbānōrum, and marītī will be found in the general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other words.

LESSON XXI

FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

137. The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second conjugations is -bi-This is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows:

Present Stem	Tense Sign	PERSONAL ENDING
amā-	bi-	s
love	will	you

138. The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.

Conjugation I	Conjugation II
SINGULAR
1.amā´bō, I shall love	monē´bō, I shall advise
2.amā´bis, you will love	monē´bis, you will advise
3.amā´bit, he will love	monē´bit, he will advise
PLURAL
1.amā´bimus, we shall love	monē´bimus, we shall advise
2.amā´bitis will love	monē´bitis, you will advise
3.amā´bunt, they will love	monē´bunt, they will advise

a. The personal endings are as in the present. The ending -bō in the first person singular is contracted from -bi-ō. The -bi- appears as -bu- in the third person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of erō, the future of sum. Pay especial attention to the accent.

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in § 129

139. EXERCISES

I.1.Movēbitis, laudābis, arābō.2.Dēlēbitis, vocābitis, dabunt.3.Mātūrābis, dēsīderābit, vidēbimus.4.Habēbit, movēbunt, necābit.5.Nārrābimus, monēbis, vidēbunt.6.Labōrābitis, cūrābunt, dabis.7.Habitābimus, properābitis, iubēbunt, parābit.8.Nūntiābō, portābimus, iubēbō.

II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will move, you will give, (sing.and plur.).4.We shall fight, we shall destroy, I shall long for.5.He will call, they will see, you will tell (plur.).6.They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise.7.They will labor, we shall kill, you will have (sing.and plur.), he will destroy.

140. Niobe and her Children (Concluded)

First learn the special vocabulary, p.288.

Apollō et Diāna erant līberī Lātōnae.Iīs Thēbānī sacra crēbra parābant.1 Oppidānī amābant Lātōnam et līberōs eius. Id superbae rēgīnae erat molestum. “Cūr,” inquit, “Lātōnae et līberīs sacra parātis? Duōs līberōs habet Lātōna; quattuordecim habeō ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?” Lātōna iīs verbīs2 īrāta līberōs suōs vocat. Ad eam volant Apollō Diānaque et sagittīs3 suīs miserōs līberōs rēgīnae superbae dēlent. Niobē, nūper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud līberōs interfectōs et cum perpetuīs lacrimīs4 eōs dēsīderat.

Note. Consult the general vocabulary for Apollō, inquit, duōs, and quattuordecimTry to remember the meaning of all the other words.

LESSON XXII

REVIEW OF VERBS · THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

141. Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally and in writing, of sum and the verbs in § 129

142. We learned in § 43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in § 44 that one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect object. It is also very common with adjectives to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases where grātus, agreeable to, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we had molestus, annoying to, followed by that case.The usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule:

143. Rule. Dative with Adjectives. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites.

144. Among such adjectives memorize the following:

idōneus, -a, -um, fit, suitable (for) amīcus, -a, -um, friendly (to) inimīcus, -a, -um, hostile (to) grātus, -a, -um, pleasing (to), agreeable (to) molestus, -a, -um, annoying (to), troublesome (to) fīnitimus, -a, -um, neighboring (to) proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next (to)

145. EXERCISES

I.1.Rōmānī terram idōneam agrī cultūrae habent.2.Gallī cōpiīs Rōmānīs inimīcī erant.3.Cui dea Lātōna amīca non erat?4.Dea Lātōna superbae rēgīnae amīca nōn erat.5.Cibus noster, Mārce, erit armātīs virīs grātus.6.Quid erat molestum populīs Italiae?7.Bella longa cum Gallīs erant molesta populīs Italiae.8.Agrī Germānōrum fluviō Rhēnō fīnitimī erant.9.Rōmānī ad silvam oppidō proximam castra movēbant.10.Nōn sōlum fōrma sed etiam superbia rēgīnae erat magna.11.Mox rēgīna pulchra erit aegra trīstitiā.12.Cūr erat Niobē, rēgīna Thēbānōrum, laeta?Laeta erat Niobē multīs fīliīs et fīliābus.

II.1.The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen.2.The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to Diana.3.Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona.4.The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana.5.The Romans will move their forces to a large field1 suitable for a camp. 6. Some of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.

146. Cornelia and her Jewels

First learn the special vocabulary, p.288.

Apud antīquās dominās, Cornēlia, Āfricānī fīlia, erat2 maximē clāra. Fīliī eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus. Iī puerī cum Cornēliā in oppidō Rōmā, clārō Italiae oppidō, habitābant. Ibi eōs cūrābat Cornēlia et ibi magnō cum studiō eōs docēbat. Bona fēmina erat Cornēlia et bonam disciplīnam maximē amābat.

Note. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words.

LESSON XXIII

PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGŌ AND AUDIŌ

147. As we learned in § 126, the present stem of the third conjugation ends in -ĕ, and of the fourth in -īThe inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows:

Conjugation III	Conjugation IV
re´gō, re´gere (rule)	au´diō, audī´re (hear)
Pres.Stem regĕ-	Pres.Stem audī-
SINGULAR
1.re´gō, I rule	au´diō, I hear
2.re´gis, you rule	au´dīs, you hear
3.re´git, he (she, it) rules	au´dit, he (she, it) hears
PLURAL
1.re´gimus, we rule	audī´mus, we hear
2.re´gitis, you rule	audī´tis, you hear
3.re´gunt, they rule	au´diunt, they hear

1.The personal endings are the same as before.

2. The final short -e- of the stem regĕ- combines with the -ō in the first person, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and becomes -ĭ- elsewhere. The inflection is like that of erō, the future of sum

3. In audiō the personal endings are added regularly to the stem audī-. In the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as audi-u-nt. Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final -t just as in amō and moneō. (Cf. § 12.2.)

Note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. § 12.1, 2.)

148. Like regō and audiō inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs:

Indicative Present	Infinitive Present
agō, I drive	agere, to drive
dīcō, I say	dīcere, to say
dūcō, I lead	dūcere, to lead
mittō, I send	mittere, to send
mūniō, I fortify	mūnīre, to fortify
reperiō, I find	reperīre, to find
veniō, I come	venīre, to come

149. EXERCISES

I.1.Quis agit?Cūr venit?Quem mittit?Quem dūcis?2.Quid mittunt?Ad quem veniunt?Cuius castra mūniunt?3.Quem agunt?Venīmus.Quid puer reperit?4.Quem mittimus?Cuius equum dūcitis?Quid dīcunt?5.Mūnīmus, venītis, dīcit.6.Agimus, reperītis, mūnīs.7.Reperis, ducitis, dīcis.8.Agitis, audimus, regimus.

II.1.What do they find?Whom do they hear?Why does he come?2.Whose camp are we fortifying?To whom does he say?What are we saying?3.I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing.4.You send, he says, you fortify (sing.and plur.).5.I am coming, we find, they send.6.They lead, you drive, he does fortify.7.You lead, you find, you rule, (all plur.).

150. Cornelia and her Jewels (Concluded)

Proximum domicīliō Cornēliae erat pulchrae Campānae domicilium.Campāna erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā sed maximē ōrnāmentīs suīs.Ea1 laudābat semper. “Habēsne tū ūlla ornāmenta, Cornēlia?” inquit. “Ubi sunt tua ōrnāmenta?” Deinde Cornēlia fīliōs suōs Tiberium et Gāium vocat. “Puerī meī,” inquit, “sunt mea ōrnāmenta. Nam bonī līberī sunt semper bonae fēminae ōrnāmenta maximē clāra.”

Note. The only new words here are Campāna, semper, and tū

“PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA”

LESSON XXIV

IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGŌ AND AUDIŌ · THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS

151. PARADIGMS

Conjugation III	Conjugation IV
SINGULAR
1.regē´bam, I was ruling	audiē´bam, I was hearing
2.regē´bās, you were riding	audiē´bās, you were hearing
3.regē´bat, he was ruling	audiē´bat, he was hearing
PLURAL
1.regēbā´mus, we were ruling	audiēbā´mus, we were hearing
2.regēbā´tis, you were ruling	audiēbā´tis, you were hearing
3.regē´bant, they were ruling	audiē´bant, they were hearing

1. The tense sign is -bā-, as in the first two conjugations.

2. Observe that the final -ĕ- of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign -bā-. This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. monēbam and regēbam).

3. In the fourth conjugation -ē- is inserted between the stem and the tense sign -bā- (audi-ē-ba-m).

4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in § 148

152. EXERCISES

I.1.Agēbat, veniēbat, mittēbat, dūcēbant.2.Agēbant, mittēbant, dūcēbas, mūniēbant.3.Mittēbāmus, dūcēbātis, dīcēbant.4.Mūniēbāmus, veniēbātis, dīcēbās.5.Mittēbās, veniēbāmus, reperiēbat.6.Reperiēbās, veniēbās, audiēbātis.7.Agēbāmus, reperiēbātis, mūniēbat.8.Agēbātis, dīcēbam, mūniēbam.

II.1.They were leading, you were driving (sing.and plur.), he was fortifying.2.They were sending, we were finding, I was coming.3.You were sending, you were fortifying, (sing.and plur.), he was saying.4.They were hearing, you were leading (sing.and plur.), I was driving.5.We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying.6.They were coming, he was hearing, I was finding.7.You were ruling (sing.and plur.), we were coming, they were ruling.

153. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs. We learned above (§ 20.  a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an intransitive verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (§ 45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. § 43.)

crēdō, crēdere, believe (give belief to) faveō, favēre, favor (show favor to) noceō, nocēre, injure (do harm to) pāreō, pārēre, obey (give obedience to) persuādeō, persuādēre, persuade (offer persuasion to) resistō, resistere, resist (offer resistance to) studeō, studēre, be eager for (give attention to)

154. Rule. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crēdō, faveō, noceō, pāreō, persuādeō, resistō, studeō, and others of like meaning.

155. EXERCISE

1. Crēdisne verbīs sociōrum? Multī verbīs eōrum nōn crēdunt. 2. Meī fīnitimī cōnsiliō tuō nōn favēbunt, quod bellō student. 3. Tiberius et Gāius disciplīnae dūrae nōn resistēbant et Cornēliae pārēbant. 4. Dea erat inimīca septem fīliābus rēgīnae. 5. Dūra poena et perpetua trīstitia rēgīnae nōn persuādēbunt. 6. Nūper ea resistēbat et nunc resistit potentiae Lātōnae. 7. Mox sagittae volābunt et līberīs miserīs nocēbunt.

LESSON XXV

FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGŌ AND AUDIŌ

156. In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign. Instead of using -bi-, as in the first and second conjugations, we use -ā-1 in the first person singular and -ē- in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final -ī- of the stem is retained.2

157. PARADIGMS

Conjugation III	Conjugation IV
SINGULAR
1.re´gam, I shall rule	au´diam, I shall hear
2.re´gēs, you will rule	au´diēs, you will hear
3.re´get, he will rule	au´diet, he will hear
PLURAL
1.regē´mus, we shall rule	audiē´mus, we shall hear
2.regē´tis, you will rule	audiē´tis, you will hear
3.re´gent, they will rule	au´dient, they will hear

1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.

2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in § 148

158. EXERCISES

I.1.Dīcet, dūcētis, mūniēmus.2.Dīcent, dīcētis, mittēmus.3.Mūnient, venient, mittent, agent.4.Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, aget.5.Mūniet, reperiētis, agēmus.6.Mittam, veniēmus, regent.7.Audiētis, veniēs, reperiēs.8.Reperiet, agam, dūcēmus, mittet.9.Vidēbitis, sedēbō, vocābimus.

II.1.I shall find, he will hear, they will come.2.I shall fortify, he will send, we shall say.3.I shall drive, you will lead, they will hear.4.You will send, you will fortify, (sing.and plur.), he will say.5.I shall come, we shall find, they will send.

6. Who3 will believe the story? I4 shall believe the story. 7. Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him? They will persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle.

LESSON XXVI

VERBS IN -IŌ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION · THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

159. There are a few common verbs ending in -iō which do not belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive. (Cf. § 126.)Compare

audiō, audī´re (hear), fourth conjugation capiō, ca´pere (take), third conjugation

160. The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of capiō are inflected as follows:

capiō, capere, take
Pres.Stem cape-
Present	Imperfect	Future
SINGULAR
1.ca´piō	capiē´bam	ca´piam
2.ca´pis	capiē´bās	ca´piēs
3.ca´pit	capiē´bat	ca´piet
PLURAL
1.ca´pimus	capiēbā´mus	capiē´mus
2.ca´pitis	capiēbā´tis	capiē´tis
3.ca´piunt	capiē´bant	ca´pient

1. Observe that capiō and the other -iō verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation two vowels occur in succession. (Cf. capiō, audiō; capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)

2. Like capiō, inflect

faciō, facere, make, do fugiō, fugere, flee iaciō, iacere, hurl rapiō, rapere, seize

161. The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses a command; as, come! send! The present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person, singular and plural. The singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular.

Conjugation		Singular	Plural
I.		amā, love thou	amā´te, love ye
II.		monē, advise thou	monē´te, advise ye
III.	(a)	rege, rule thou	re´gite, rule ye
	(b)	cape, take thou	ca´pite, take ye
IV.		audī, hear thou	audī´te, hear ye
sum (irregular)		es, be thou	este, be ye

1.In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem becomes -ĭ- in the plural.

2. The verbs dīcō, say; dūcō, lead; and faciō, make, have the irregular forms dīc, dūc, and fac in the singular.

3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of veniō, dūcō, vocō, doceō, laudō, dīcō, sedeō, agō, faciō, mūniō, mittō, rapiō

162. EXERCISES

I.1.Fugient, faciunt, iaciēbat.2.Dēlē, nūntiāte, fugiunt.3.Venīte, dīc, faciētis.4.Dūcite, iaciam, fugiēbant.5.Fac, iaciēbāmus, fugimus, rapite.6.Sedēte, reperī, docēte.7.Fugiēmus, iacient, rapiēs.8.Reperient, rapiēbātis, nocent.9.Favēte, resistē, pārēbitis.

10. Volā ad multās terrās et dā auxilium. 11. Ego tēla mea capiam et multās ferās dēlēbō. 12. Quis fābulae tuae crēdet? 13. Este bonī, puerī, et audīte verba grāta magistrī.

II.1.The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons.2.With her weapons she will destroy many beasts.3.She will give aid to the weak.1 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee. 5. Romans, tell2 the famous story to your children.

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Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, §§ 510-512

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LESSON XXVII

THE PASSIVE VOICE · PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an action; as,

The lion——> killed——> the hunter

A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action; as,

The lion <—— was killed <—— by the hunter

Note the direction of the arrows.

164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows:

Sing.	1. -r, I	Plur.	1. -mur, we
	2. -ris, -re, you		2. -minī, you
	3. -tur, he, she, it		3. -ntur, they

a. Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign

165. PARADIGMS

	amō, amāre	monēo, monēre
	Pres.Stem amā-	Pres.Stem monē-
	Present Indicative		PERSONAL ENDINGS
Sing.	a´mor, I am loved	mo´neor, I am advised	-or1
	amā´ris or amā´re, you are loved	monē´ris or monē´re, you are advised	-ris or -re
	amā´tur, he is loved	monē´tur, he is advised	-tur
Plur.	amā´mur, we are loved	monē´mur, we are advised	-mur
	amā´minī, you are loved	monē´minī, you are advised	-mini
	aman´tur, they are loved	monen´tur, they are advised	-ntur
	Imperfect Indicative (Tense Sign -bā-)
Sing.	amā´bar, I was being loved	monē´bar, I was being advised	-r
	amābā´ris or amābā´re, you were being loved	monēbā´ris or monēbā´re, you were being advised	-ris or -re
	amābā´tur, he was being loved	monēbā´tur, he was being advised	-tur
Plur.	amābā´mur, we were being loved	monēbā´mur, we were being advised	-mur
	amābā´minī, you were being loved	monēbā´minī, you were being advised	-minī
	amāban´tur, they were being loved	monēban´tur, they were being advised	-ntur
	Future (Tense Sign -bi-)
Sing.	amā´bor, I shall be loved	monē´bor, I shall be advised	-r
	amā´beris or amā´bere, you will be loved	monē´beris or monē´bere, you will be advised	-ris or -re
	amā´bitur, he will be loved	monē´bitur, he will be advised	-tur
Plur.	amā´bimur, we shall be loved	monē´bimur, we shall be advised	-mur
	amābi´minī, you will be loved	monēbi´minī, you will be advised	-minī
	amābun´tur, they will be loved	monēbun´tur, they will be advised	-ntur

1.The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active.

2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the third person plural.

3. Inflect laudō, necō, portō, moveō, dēleō, iubeō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

166. Intransitive verbs, such as mātūrō, I hasten; habitō, I dwell, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject.

167. EXERCISES

I. 1. Laudāris or laudāre, laudās, datur, dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit, vidēminī, vidētis. 3. Vocābat, vocābātur, dēlēbitis, dēlēbiminī. 4. Parābātur, parābat, cūrās, cūrāris or cūrāre. 5. Portābantur, portābant, vidēbimur, vidēbimus. 6. Iubēris or iubēre, iubēs, laudābāris or laudābāre, laudābās. 7. Movēberis or movēbere, movēbis, dabantur, dabant. 8. Dēlentur, dēlent, parābāmur, parābāmus.

II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered. 3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I call, you will have, you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved.

PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT

168. Per´seus and Androm´eda

First learn the special vocabulary, p.288.

Perseus fīlius erat Iovis,2 maximī3 deōrum. Dē eō multās fabulās nārrant poētae. Eī favent deī, eī magica arma et ālās dant. Eīs tēlīs armātus et ālīs frētus ad multās terrās volābat et mōnstra saeva dēlēbat et miserīs īnfīrmīsque auxilium dabat. Aethiopia est terra Āfricae. Eam terram Cēpheus5 regēbat. Eī6 Neptūnus, maximus aquārum deus, erat īrātus et mittit7 mōnstrum saevum ad Aethiopiam. Ibi mōnstrum nōn sōlum lātīs pulchrīsque Aethiopiae agrīs nocēbat sed etiam domicilia agricolārum dēlēbat, et multōs virōs, fēminās, līberōsque necābat. Populus ex agrīs fugiēbat et oppida mūrīs validīs mūniēbat. Tum Cēpheus magnā trīstitiā commōtus ad Iovis ōrāculum properat et ita dīcit: “Amīcī meī necantur; agrī meī vāstantur. Audī verba mea, Iuppiter. Dā miserīs auxilium. Age mōnstrum saevum ex patriā.”

LESSON XXVIII

PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF REGŌ AND AUDIŌ

169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of regō and audiō, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§§ 490, 491).

a. Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (§ 164) are added instead of the active ones.

b. Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have re´geris or re´gere, not re´giris, re´gire

c. Inflect agō, dīcō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

170. EXERCISES

I. 1. Agēbat, agēbātur, mittēbat, mittēbātur, dūcēbat. 2. Agunt, aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, mūniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, dūcēre, dūcere. 4. Dīcēmur, dīcimus, dīcēmus, dīcimur, mūniēbaminī. 5. Dūcitur, dūciminī, reperīmur, reperiar, agitur. 6. Agēbāmus, agēbāmur, reperīris, reperiēminī. 7. Mūnīminī, veniēbam, dūcēbar, dīcētur. 8. Mittiminī, mittitis, mittēris, mitteris, agēbāminī. 9. Dīcitur, dīcit, mūniuntur, reperient, audientur.

II.1.I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being led, he says, it is said.2.I shall send, I shall be sent, you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led.3.I am found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led (sing.and plur.).4.We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will come, they will be fortified.5.They were ruling, they were being ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (sing.and plur.).6.He was being led, he will come, you are said (sing.and plur.).

171. Perseus and Andromeda (Continued)

First learn the special vocabulary, p.288.

Tum ōrāculum ita respondet: “Mala est fortūna tua.Neptūnus, magnus aquārum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimīcus, eās poenās mittit.Sed parā īrātō deō sacrum idōneum et mōnstrum saevum ex patriā tuā agētur.Andromeda fīlia tua est mōnstrō grāta.Dā eam mōnstrō.Servā cāram patriam et vītam populī tuī.”Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra.Eam amābat Cēpheus maximē.

LESSON XXIX

PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF -IŌ VERBS · PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE

172. Review the active voice of capiō, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§ 492).

a. The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior, audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor

b. In like manner inflect the passive of iaciō and rapiō

173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number; as, amāre, to love. Infinitive means unlimited. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the finite, or limited, verb forms.

174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows:

Conj.	Pres.Stem	Pres.Infinitive Active	Pres.Infinitive Passive
I.	amā-	amā´re, to love	amā´rī, to be loved
II.	monē-	monē´re, to advise	monē´rī, to be advised
III.	rege-	re´gere, to rule	re´gī, to be ruled
	cape-	ca´pere, to take	ca´pī, to be taken
IV.	audī-	audī´re, to hear	audīrī, to be heard

1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem.

a. The present infinitive of sum is esseThere is no passive.

2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -ī, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -ī

3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doceō, sedeō, volō, cūrō, mittō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, iaciō, rapiō.

175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows:

	Active1		Passive
CONJ.	SING.	PLUR.	SING.	PLUR.
I.	a´mā	amā´te	amā´re, be thou loved	amā´minī, be ye loved
II.	mo´nē	monē´te	monē´re, be thou advised	monē´minī, be ye advised
III.	re´ge	re´gite	re´gere, be thou ruled	regi´minī, be ye ruled
	ca´pe	ca´pite	ca´pere, be thou taken	capi´minī, be ye taken
IV.	au´dī	audī´te	audī´re, be thou heard	audī´minī, be ye heard

1.Observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular2 and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative.

2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in § 174.3

176. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p.289.

I.1.Tum Perseus ālīs ad terrās multās volabit.2.Mōnstrum saevum per aquās properat et mox agrōs nostrōs vāstābit.3.Sī autem Cēpheus ad ōrāculum properābit, ōrāculum ita respondēbit.4.Quis tēlīs Perseī superābitur?Multa mōnstra tēlīs eius superābuntur.5.Cum cūrīs magnīs et lacrimīs multīs agricolae ex domiciliīs cārīs aguntur.6.Multa loca vāstābantur et multa oppida dēlēbantur.7.Mōnstrum est validum, tamen superābitur.8.Crēdēsne semper verbīs ōrāculī?Ego iīs non semper crēdam.9.Pārēbitne Cēpheus ōrāculō?Verba ōrāculī eī persuādēbunt.10.Si nōn fugiēmus, oppidum capiētur et oppidānī necābuntur.11.Vocāte puerōs et nārrāte fābulam clāram dē mōnstrō saevō.

II.1.Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou.2.To lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou.3.To be hurled, to fly, send thou, to be found.4.To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken.5.Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.

LESSON XXX

SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS · THE ABLATIVE DENOTING FROM

177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:1

	Conjugation I		Conjugation II
	Indicative
	ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Pres.	a´mō	a´mor	mo´neō	mo´neor
Imperf.	amā´bam	amā´bar	monē´bam	monē´bar
Fut.	amā´bo	amā´bor	monē´bo	monē´bor
	Imperative
Pres.	a´mā	amā´re	mo´nē	monē´re
	Infinitive
Pres.	amā´re	amā´rī	monē´re	monē´rī
	Conjugation III		Conjugation III (-iō verbs)
	Indicative
	ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Pres.	re´gō	re´gor	ca´piō	ca´pior
Imperf.	regē´bam	regē´bar	capiē´bam	capiē´bar
Fut.	re´gam	re´gar	ca´piam	ca´piar
	Imperative
Pres.	re´ge	re´gere	ca´pe	ca´pere
	Infinitive
Pres.	re´gere	re´gī	ca´pere	ca´pī

	Conjugation IV
	Indicative
	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Pres.	au´diō	au´dior
Imperf.	audiē´bam	audiē´bar
Fut.	au´diam	au´diar
	Imperative
Pres.	au´dī	audī´re
	Infinitive
Pres.	audī´re	audī´rī

1. Give the synopsis of rapiō, mūniō, reperiō, doceō, videō, dīcō, agō, laudō, portō, and vary the person and number.

178. We learned in § 50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition from. This is sometimes called the separative ablative, and it has a number of special uses.You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below.

179. Rule. Ablative of the Place From. The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions ā or ab, dē, ē or ex

Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt, the farmers come from the fields

a. ā or ab denotes from near a place; ē or ex, out from it; and dē, down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows:

180. Rule. Ablative of Separation. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.

a. If the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another, the preposition ā or ab, ē or ex, or dē is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.

(a)	Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat Perseus frees the land from monsters (literal separation— actual motion is expressed)
(b)	Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat Perseus frees the land from sorrow (figurative separation— no actual motion is expressed)

181. Rule. Ablative of the Personal Agent. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition ā or ab.

a. In this construction the English translation of ā, ab is by rather than from. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.

Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur, the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus

b. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be Perseus monstrum necat, Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject, and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with ā or ab

c. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition by. (Cf. § 100. b.) Means is a thing; the agent or actor is a person. The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has ā or abCompare

Fera sagittā necātur, the wild beast is killed by an arrow Fera ā Diānā necātur, the wild beast is killed by Diana

Sagittā, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; ā Diānā, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.

182. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p.289.

I.1.Viri inopiā cibī dēfessī ab eō locō discēdent.2.Germānī castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquābant, tamen lēgātus cōpiās ā proeliō continēbat.3.Multa Gallōrum oppida ab Rōmanīs capientur.4.Tum Rōmānī tōtum populum eōrum oppidōrum gladiīs pīlīsque interficient.5.Oppidānī Rōmānīs resistent, sed defessī longō proelīo fugient.6.Multī ex Galliā fugiēbant et in Germānōrum vicīs habitābant.7.Miserī nautae vulnerantur ab inimīcīs2 saevīs et cibō egent. 8. Discēdite et date virīs frūmentum et cōpiam vīnī. 9. Cōpiae nostrae ā proeliō continēbantur ab Sextō lēgatō. 10. Id oppidum ab prōvinciā Rōmānā longē aberat.

II.1.The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess Diana.2.They were without food and without wine.3.Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus.4.Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place.5.They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows.6.The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness.

LESSON XXXI

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF SUM

183. Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the principal parts.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the past participle; as go, went, gone; see, saw, seen, etc.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the first person singular of the present indicative, the present infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect indicative, and the perfect passive participle.

184. Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have already learned about the present stem, which is found from the present infinitive (cf. § 126.  a). The other two stems are the perfect stem and the participial stem

185. The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways, but may always be found by dropping -ī from the first person singular of the perfect, the third of the principal parts.From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:

The Perfect Active Indicative
The Pluperfect Active Indicative (English Past Perfect)
The Future Perfect Active Indicative

All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future time respectively.

186. The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are as follows:

Sing.	1. -ī, I	Plur.	1. -imus, we
	2. -istī, you		2.  -istis, you
	3. -it, he, she, it		3.  -ērunt or -ēre, they

187. Inflection of sum in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative:

Pres.Indic.	Pres.Infin.	Perf.Indic.
Prin.Parts sum	esse	fuī

Perfect Stem fu-
Perfect
SINGULAR	PLURAL
fu´ī, I have been, I was	fu´imus, we have been, we were
fuis´tī, you have been, you were	fuis´tis, you have been, you were
fu´it, he has been, he was	fuē´runt or fuē´re, they have been, they were
Pluperfect (Tense Sign -erā-)
fu´eram, I had been	fuerā´mus, we had been
fu´erās, you had been	fuerā´tis, you had been
fu´erat, he had been	fu´erant, they had been
Future Perfect (Tense Sign -erā-)
fu´erō, I shall have been	fue´rimus, we shall have been
fu´eris, you will have been	fue´ritis, you will have been
fu´erit, he will have been	fu´erint, they will have been

1.Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.

2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding eram, the imperfect of sum, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -erā-

3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding erō, the future of sum, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in -erint, not in -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-

4.All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.

188. DIALOGUE

The Boys Titus, Marcus, and Quintus

First learn the special vocabulary, p.289.

M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte?
T. Ego in meō lūdō fuī et Quīntus in suō lūdō fuit. Bonī puerī fuimus. Fuitne Sextus in vīcō hodiē?
M. Fuit. Nūper per agrōs proximōs fluviō properābat. Ibi is et Cornēlius habent nāvigium.
T. Nāvigium dīcis? Aliī1 nārrā eam fābulam!
M. Vērō (Yes, truly), pulchrum et novum nāvigium!
Q. Cuius pecūniā2 Sextus et Cornēlius id nāvigium parant? Quis iīs pecūniam dat?
M. Amīcī Cornēlī multum habent aurum et puer pecūniā nōn eget.
T. Quō puerī nāvigābunt? Nāvigābuntne longē ā terrā?
M. Dubia sunt cōnsilia eōrum. Sed hodiē, crēdō, sī ventus erit idōneus, ad maximam īnsulam nāvigābunt. Iam anteā ibi fuērunt. Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puerī magnō in perīculō erant.
Q. Aqua ventō commōta est inimīca nautīs semper, et saepe perfidus ventus nāvigia rapit, agit, dēletque. Iī puerī, sī nōn fuerint maximē attentī, īrātā aquā et validō ventō superābuntur et ita interficientur.

189. EXERCISE

1.Where had the boys been before?They had been in school.2.Where had Sextus been?He had been in a field next to the river.3.Who has been with Sextus to-day?Cornelius has been with him.4.Who says so?Marcus.5.If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat.6.Soon we shall sail with the boys.7.There3 will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.4

LESSON XXXII

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS

190. Meanings of the Perfect. The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with have, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, I have finished my work. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the perfect definite

The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened sometime in the past; as, I finished my work. As no definite time is specified, this is called the perfect indefiniteIt corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense.

a. Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:

I	was finishing used to finish	my work (imperfect, § 134)
I finished my work (perfect indefinite)
I have finished my work (perfect definite)

When telling a story the Latin uses the perfect indefinite to mark the different forward steps of the narrative, and the imperfect to describe situations and circumstances that attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?

“Last week I went to Boston.I was trying to find an old friend of mine, but he was out of the city.Yesterday I returned home.”

191. Inflection of the Perfect. We learned in § 186 that any perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:

Conj.I	Conj.II	Conj.III		Conj.IV
amāvī	monuī	rēxī	cēpī	audīvī
I have loved I loved or did love	I have advised I advised or did advise	I have ruled I ruled or did rule	I have taken I took or did take	I have heard I heard or did hear
Perfect Stems
amāv-	monu-	rēx-	cēp-	audīv-
Singular
1.amā´vī	mo´nuī	rē´xī	cē´pī	audī´vī
2.amāvis´tī	monuis´tī	rēxis´tī	cēpis´tī	audīvis´tī
3.amā´vit	mo´nuit	rē´xit	cē´pit	audī´vit
Plural
1.amā´vimus	monu´imus	rē´ximus	cē´pimus	audī´vimus
2.amāvis´tis	monuis´tis	rēxis´tis	cēpis´tis	audīvis´tis
3. amāvē´runt or amāvē´re	monuē´runt or monuē´re	rēxē´runt or rēxē´re	cēpē´runt or cēpē´re	audīvē´runt or audīvē´re

1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. This shows the absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly.

2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding -vī to the present stem. Like amāvī inflect parāvī, vocāvī, cūrāvī, laudāvī

3.Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.Drill on it.

192. Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:

Pres.Indic.	Pres.Infin.	Perf.Indic.
dō	dăre	dedī	give
dēleō	dēlēre	dēlēvī	destroy
habeō	habēre	habuī	have
moveō	movēre	mōvī	move
pāreō	pārēre	pāruī	obey
prohibeō	prohibēre	prohibuī	restrain, keep from
videō	vidēre	vīdī	see
dīcō	dīcere	dīxī	say
discēdō	discēdere	discessī	depart
dūcō	dūcere	dūxī	lead
faciō	facere	fēcī	make, do
mittō	mittere	mīsī	send
mūniō	mūnīre	mūnīvī	fortify
veniō	venīre	vēnī	come

193. Perseus and Andromeda (Continued)

First learn the special vocabulary, p.290.

Cēpheus, adversā fortūnā maximē commōtus, discessit et multīs cum lacrimīs populō Aethiopiae verba ōrāculī nārrāvit.Fāta Andromedae, puellae pulchrae, ā tōtō populō dēplōrābantur, tamen nūllum erat auxilium.Deinde Cēpheus cum plēnō trīstitiae animō cāram suam fīliam ex oppidī portā ad aquam dūxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dūra revīnxit.Tum amīcī puellae miserae longē discessērunt et diū mōnstrum saevum exspectāvērunt.

Tum forte Perseus, ālīs frētus, super Aethiopiam volābat.Vīdit populum, Andromedam, lacrimās, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dēscendit.Tum Cēpheus eī tōtās cūrās nārrāvit et ita dīxit: “Pārēbō verbīs ōrāculī, et prō patriā fīliam meam dabō; sed sī id mōnstrum interficiēs et Andromedam servābis, tibi (to you) eam dabō.”

LESSON XXXIII

PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE · PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

194.

	Conj.I	Conj.II	Conj.III		Conj.IV
	amō	moneō	regō	capiō	audiō
Perfect Stems	amāv-	monu-	rēx-	cēp-	audīv-

Pluperfect Indicative Active
Tense Sign -erā-
SINGULAR
I had loved	I had advised	I had ruled	I had taken	I had heard
1.amā´veram	monu´eram	rē´xeram	cē´peram	audī´veram
2.amā´verās	monu´erās	rē´xerās	cē´perās	audī´verās
3.amā´verat	monu´erat	rē´xerat	cē´perat	audī´verat
PLURAL
1.amāverā´mus	monuerā´mus	rēxerā´mus	cēperā´mus	audīverā´mus
2.amāverā´tis	monuerā´tis	rēxerā´tis	cēperā´tis	audīverā´tis
3.amā´verant	monu´erant	rē´xerant	cē´perant	audī´verant
Future Perfect Indicative Active
Tense Sign -eri-
SINGULAR
I shall have loved	I shall have advised	I shall have ruled	I shall have taken	I shall have heard
1.amā´verō	monu´erō	rē´xerō	cē´perō	audī´verō
2.amā´veris	monu´eris	rē´xeris	cē´peris	audī´veris
3.amā´verit	monu´erit	rē´xerit	cē´perit	audī´verit
PLURAL
1.amāve´rimus	monue´rimus	rēxe´rimus	cēpe´rimus	audīve´rimus
2.amāve´ritis	monue´ritis	rēxe´ritis	cēpe´ritis	audīve´ritis
3.amā´verint	monu´erint	rē´xerint	cē´perint	audī´verint

1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation given in § 187.2-4 hold good here.

2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō.

195. The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem.

Conj.		Perfect Stem	Perfect Infinitive
I.		amāv-	amāvis´se, to have loved
II.		monu-	monuis´se, to have advised
III.	(a)	rēx-	rēxis´se, to have ruled
	(b)	cēp-	cēpis´se, to have taken
IV.		audīv-	audīvis´se, to have heard
sum		fu-	fuis´se, to have been

1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō

196. EXERCISES

I.1.Habuistī, mōvērunt, miserant.2.Vīdit, dīxeris, dūxisse.3.Mīsistis, pāruērunt, discesserāmus.4.Mūnīvit, dederam, mīserō.5.Habuerimus, dēlēvī, pāruit, fuisse.6.Dederās, mūnīveritis, vēnerātis, mīsisse.7.Vēnerās, fēcisse, dederātis, portāveris.

8.Quem verba ōrāculī mōverant?Populum verba ōrāculī mōverant.9.Cui Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit?Perseō Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit.10.Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint.11.Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat.12.Ubi mōnstrum vīdistis?Id in aquā vīdimus.13.Quid mōnstrum faciet?Mōnstrum Andromedam interficiet.

II.1.They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had.2.We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified.3.I had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent (sing.and plur.).4.To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have carried.5.He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (sing.and plur.).6.I have given, you had moved (sing.and plur.), we had said.7.You will have made (sing.and plur.), they will have led, to have given.

8.Who had seen the monster?Andromeda had seen it.9.Why had the men departed from1 the towns? They had departed because the monster had come. 10. Did Cepheus obey2 the oracle3?He did.

LESSON XXXIV

REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE

197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation:

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE	Present = First of the principal parts
	Imperfect = Present stem + -ba-m
	Future = Present stem +	-bō, Conj.I and II -a-m, Conj. III and IV
	Perfect = Third of the principal parts
	Pluperfect = Perfect stem + -era-m
	Future Perfect = Perfect stem + -erō

198. The synopsis of the active voice of amō, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows:

Principal Parts amō, amāre, amāvī

Pres.Stem amā-		Perf.Stem amāv-
Indic.	Pres. amō	Indic.	Perf. amāvī
	Imperf. amābam		Pluperf. amāveram
	Fut. amābō		Fut.perf. amāverō
Pres.Imv. amā
Pres.Infin. amāre		Perf.Infin. amāvisse

1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of parō, dō, laudō, dēleō, habeō, moveō, pāreō, videō, dīcō, discēdō, dūcō, mittō, capiō, muniō, veniō1

199. Learn the following principal parts:2

	Pres.Indic.	Pres.Infin.	Perf.Indic.
Irregular Verbs	sum ab´sum dō	esse abes´se dare	fuī ā´fuī dedī	be be away give
Conjugation II	contineō doceō egeō faveō iubeō noceō persuādeō respondeō sedeō studeō	continēre docēre egēre favēre iubēre nocēre persuādēre respondēre sedēre studēre	continuī docuī eguī fāvī iussī nocuī persuāsī respondī sēdī studuī	hold in, keep teach need favor order injure persuade reply sit be eager
Conjugation III	agō crēdō fugiō iaciō interficiō rapiō resis´tō	agere crēdere fugere iacere interficere rapere resis´tere	ēgī crēdidī fūgī iēcī interfēcī rapuī re´stitī	drive believe flee hurl kill seize resist
Conjugation IV	repe´riō	reperī´re	rep´perī	find

200. Perseus and Andromeda (Concluded)

First learn the special vocabulary, p.290.Read the whole story.

Perseus semper proeliō studēbat3 et respondit,3 “Verba tua sunt maximē grāta,” et laetus arma sua magica parāvit.3 Subitō mōnstrum vidētur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Eius amīcī longē absunt et misera puella est sōla. Perseus autem sine morā super aquam volāvit.3 Subitō dēscendit3 et dūrō gladiō saevum mōnstrum graviter vulnerāvit.3 Diū pugnātur,4 diū proelium est dubium. Dēnique autem Perseus mōnstrum interfēcit3 et victōriam reportāvit.3 Tum ad saxum vēnit3 et Andromedam līberāvit3 et eam ad Cēpheum dūxit.3 Is, nūper miser, nunc laetus, ita dīxit3: “Tuō auxiliō, mī amīce, cāra fīlia mea est lībera; tua est Andromeda.”Diū Perseus cum Andromedā ibi habitābat3 et magnopere ā tōtō populō amābātur.3

LESSON XXXV

THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE · THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (§ 183) is the perfect passive participle. From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects.

1.Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full:

Conj.	Pres.Indic.	Pres.Infin.	Perf.Indic.	Perf.Pass.Part
I.	amō	amā´-re	amā´v-ī	amā´t-us
This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.
II.	mo´neō	monē´-re	mo´nu-ī	mo´nit-us
III.	regō	re´ge-re	rēx-ī	rēct-us
	ca´piō	ca´pe-re	cēp-ī	capt-us
IV.	au´diō	audī´-re	audī´v-ī	audī´t-us

2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle.

202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved.

Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as

Perfect passive, amā´tus sum, I have been or was loved Pluperfect passive, amā´tus eram, I had been loved Future perfect passive, amā´tus erō, I shall have been loved

1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō, and give the English meanings.

203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case.

204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (§ 202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.

Examples in Singular	Vir laudātus est, the man was praised, or has been praised Puella laudāta est, the girl was praised, or has been praised Cōnsilium laudātum est, the plan was praised, or has been praised
Examples in Plural	Virī laudātī sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised Puellae laudātae sunt, the girls were praised, or have been praised Cōnsilia laudāta sunt, the plans were praised, or have been praised

1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō (§§ 488-492).

205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as, amā´t-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been loved; mo´nit-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been advised

1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of regō, capiō, audiō, and give the English meanings.

206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding -ūrus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of amō is amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) esse, to be about to love

a. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems:

Present, amāre (present stem), to love Perfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), to have loved Future, amātūrus esse (participial stem), to be about to love

1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laudō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, with the English meanings.

207. EXERCISES

I.1.Fābula Andromedae nārrāta est.2.Multae fābulae ā magistrō nārrātae sunt.3.Ager ab agricolā validō arātus erat.4.Agrī ab agricolīs validīs arātī erant.5.Aurum ā servō perfidō ad domicilium suum portātum erit.6.Nostra arma ā lēgātō laudāta sunt.Quis vestra arma laudāvit?7.Ab ancillā tuā ad cēnam vocātae sumus.8.Andromeda mōnstrō nōn data est, quia mōnstrum ā Perseō necātum erat.

II.1.The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste.2.The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard.3.The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured.4.The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised.5.The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard.

LESSON XXXVI

REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS · PREPOSITIONS YES-OR-NO QUESTIONS

208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -ūrus, which appears in the principal parts instead.

Irregular Verbs
sum absum dō1	esse abesse dare	fuī āfuī dedī	futūrus āfutūrus datus	be be away give